The fire of petroleum petrochemical century innovation is strong

Text/Fu Xiangsheng

Sinopec Industry has been calculated from Fan Xudong's founding of the Wynn Alkali Factory for a hundred years, but the industry scale of only 177 million yuan on the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China. In the words of Fan Xudong to his wife, "it was a shy number." After the founding of New China, my country's chemistry industry opened a new era, reaching 35.52 billion yuan in 1978. After the reform and opening up, my country's petrochemical industry has been on the track of rapid development. In 2010, it was higher than 8.76 trillion yuan. Since then, China has become the world's second petrochemical country and the world's largest chemical country. In 2021, the operating income of the petrochemical regulations was 14.45 trillion yuan, setting a historical record.

Looking back at the century -old journey of my country's petrochemical industry, there will be no modern petrochemical industry today after leaving innovation. The century -old history of petrochemical industry is a history of innovation and development.

1

Fine chemicals: pesticides

According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, the annual output of pesticides in my country has been exceeding 2 million tons since 2010, which has always ranked first in the world. From the perspective of the "four -point world" world pesticide pattern, China has also entered the sequence of pesticide power. The reason why New China can grow into a world pesticide country is the key element.

The world's pesticide industry entered the rapid development of modern pesticide industry in the 1940s. The pesticide industry was almost blank before the founding of New China. After the founding of New China, it played an important role in promoting economic and social development.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to solve the problem of eating and dressing nearly 500 million people, the country attaches great importance to the innovation of pesticide products and the construction and development of the pesticide industry. The Chemical Experimental Institute of the Chemical Industry Bureau (later Shenyang Chemical Research Institute of the Ministry of Chemical Engineering) began in 1952. The earliest organic synthetic pesticide varieties that New China were put into production were organic chlorine pesticides dripping nasal and six -six -six, which played an important role in resisting the locust accidents and sanitary pests at that time. While the organic chlorine pesticide varieties are quickly built and put into operation, organic phosphorus pesticides have also accelerated R & D and innovation, and successfully developed and put into production to pistols and enemies. By the 1970s, the output of organic phosphorus pesticides accounted for one -third of the total pesticide output at that time, and made important contributions to the emergency supply of grain, fruits and vegetables about 30 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

In order to solve the harm of the high toxicity and residual time of the titration of organic chlorine pesticide species, the harm of the high toxicity and residual time of the titles to human animals and the environment, the state has decided to stop the production and use of the six six and titles from April 1983. At that time, the output of these varieties accounted for 50%of the total pesticide output of the country. Whether it can ensure market demand after suspension, will it affect agricultural harvest? The industry and society are worried about it. In the end, we used the research and development innovation of relatively efficient and low -toxic organic phosphorus pesticide varieties to achieve rapid replacement, meeting market demand, and dispeling people's doubts. Later, organic phosphorus pesticides supported half of the rivers to prevent insect pests. However, with the extension of the use time, the disadvantages of the high toxicity of the high toxicity of the five main varieties of pistols, methamphetamine, methyl -based sulfur sulfur, chronic phosphorus, and phosphates have become more and more. It is forbidden to use every year. As of 2016, my country has eliminated 43 old and high -risk pesticide varieties of high -poisonous and high -risk pesticides, and 23 restrictions were available. The adjustment of pesticide product structure has achieved obvious results. The research and development and innovation of safety, efficient, low toxic, and low -residue new pesticide products has played an important role.

Today, the product structure of my country's pesticide industry has been continuously optimized and upgraded. From a large structure, it has completely changed the unreasonable situation of the "3 70" in the 1990s -the past pesticides accounted for 70%of the total pesticide output, and the total pesticide output was 70%, and the total pesticide output was 70%. 70%of organic phosphorus varieties and high -drug species among organic phosphorus pesticides accounted for 70%. Adjustment and optimization of pesticides today accounted for only about 31%, herbicides account for approximately 60%. 70%in the past has dropped to less than 3%. It is through continuous innovation that the pesticide industry not only provides an important guarantee for agricultural high -yield harvest and the national "vegetable basket engineering", but also has made important contributions to protecting human health and ecological safety and biodiversity.

Fertilizer: synthetic ammonia

2

Synthetic ammonia was first synthesized by German chemist Hobe in 1902, and then cooperated with BASF's engineer Bosh, Bo Shi, to achieve industrialization. From synthesis to realization of industrialization, a series of innovations require continuous innovation from industrialization to large -scale and modernization. The path of innovation in China's synthetic ammonia and fertilizer industry has become more difficult and representative.

The start of my country's fertilizer industry is represented by "South Wu Beifan" -in 1933, Mr. Wu Yunchu established Tianli Nitrogen Company in Shanghai to use the hydrogen in the Tianyuan electrolytic workshop to synthesize ammonia to nitrate; in 1937, Mr. Fan Xudong was in Nanjing in Nanjing. The Wynn Sulfate Factory produces synthetic ammonia and ammonium sulfate. The start of the New China fertilizer industry was marked by the Lanzhou Nitrogen Fertilizer, Taiyuan Nitrogen Fertilizer Factory and Jilin Nitrogen Fertilizer Factory in the "156th item" of the "15th" plan. These three nitrogen fertilizer factories have an annual output of about 50,000 tons of synthetic ammonia. Compared with today's annual output of 300,000 tons and 600,000 tons, it looks very small, but at that time, its synthetic ammonia technology reached the world's advanced level and scale. The world's largest.

After the Sino -Soviet relations broke the Soviet Union's withdrawal from experts, China's synthetic ammonia and fertilizer industry took a way to self -innovation. At the beginning of 1958, Chairman Mao proposed at a meeting of the national economic plan and budget that the central, provincial, and regional levels could set up chemical fertilizer factories. At that time, Peng Tao, the first minister of chemical engineering, personally organized a technical seminar. Because the production of ammonium sulfur sulfurin or ammonium nitrate must be equipped with sulfuric acid or nitrate devices, the investment is long, the construction cycle is long, and lead and stainless steel materials are also required. Under the conditions at the time, the production of ammonium bicarbonate was more feasible, and during the use process, it was found that the fat effect of ammonium bicarbonate was better. Dr. Hou Debang also invented the "synthetic ammonia raw material gas and gas and gas and qi and qi and qi and qi and qi and qi and qi and qi and qi qi and qi and the qi -making method. New processes of ammonia directly carbonized reactions to obtain ammonium bicarbonate ", so they carried out 2000 tons and 10,000 tons experiments in Shanghai and Beijing, respectively. In the next two years, about 200 800 tons and 2,000 tons of small nitrogen fertilizer were built across the country. factory. On the basis of obtaining actual operation experience and lessons, the nitrogen fertilizer design institutes proposed the design scheme of 10,000 tons/year synthetic ammonia and 40,000 tons/year ammonium bicarbonate. In order to solve the problem of five or 600 million people, in 1961, after the State Council held a symposium on the nitrogen fertilizer industry in Hangzhou, it set off a climax to accelerate the construction of nitrogen fertilizer factories across the country. Ammonium bicarbonate became China's unique nitrogen fertilizer variety in the world's fertilizer industry. After entering the 1990s, with the increase in the adjustment of the structure of nitrogen fertilizer varieties of "ammonium carbonic carbide", ammonium bicarbonate gradually withdrew from the historical stage of China's nitrogen fertilizer. The development of my country's synthetic ammonia and fertilizer industry has entered the third stage -during the period of the national economic recovery in 1973, and the formulation and implementation of the national "four or three plans", it was marked with the introduction of 13 large -scale synthetic ammonia and urea devices, which truly achieved large -scale. At this stage, innovation content is mainly to introduce digestion and absorption and innovation, including localization of catalysts, purification agents, and key and core equipment. During the "July Five -Year Plan" period, the former State Family Planning Commission and the Ministry of Chemical Industry and Industry rely on the "200,000 tons/year synthetic ammonia large -scale localized project" national research project organized by the Sichuan Chemical General Factory. The work training simulation system has reached the international advanced level in the late 1980s, and through the project's large -scale engineering "one -stop" research, it also mastered key equipment such as large ammonia tower, steam tower, granular tower, heat exchanger and other key equipment. The manufacturing technology won the National Best Engineering Design Award in November 1994 and the Gold Award of the National Excellent Engineering Design Project. On this basis, today we build a large -scale device of 600,000 tons/year synthetic ammonia, 1 million tons/year urea, which realizes the "traffic key project independently manufactured by its own technology, independent design, key equipment independent manufacturing, and catalyst independent facilities "". Over the years, my country ’s synthetic ammonia and nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer produce the world’ s first in the world. The overall technology, energy consumption and waste emissions have been leading the world. Thanks to our continuous innovation and continuous innovation for decades, we have condensed several generations of chemical fertilizers. Human wisdom, dedication and even sacrifice.

3

Traditional Industry: Chlorophytite

The two leading products of chlorine industry are alkali and polyvinyl chloride. China ’s chlorine industry began in 1929, Mr. Wu Yunchu's founding of the founding of the Tianyuan Electrification Plant in Shanghai, and produced alkali, chlorine and hydrogen in electrochemical method, because at that time it was needed to provide raw materials for kitchen monosodium glutamate and did not produce polyvinyl chloride. The production and development of Chinese polyvinyl chloride is the foundation after the founding of New China.

In the early 1950s, the Chemical Experimental Office of the Chemical Bureau of the Heavy Industry of the Ministry of Industry began the research and development and test of polyethyl chloride and polymer polyethylene polyvinyl chloride. The Jinxi Chemical Factory was the first factory in China to conduct a pilot and production of polyvinyl chloride. In 1954, the test of 100 tons of polyvinyl chloride was successfully tested in the Jinxi Chemical Factory. In 1958, my country's first set of 3,000 tons of polyvinyl chloride production device was put into production in the Jinxi Chemical Plant. period. The innovation of chlor -alkali industry is concentrated in the "three major difficulties".

Portable equipment electrolytic grooves are innovative with ion membrane. The production of alkaline production adopts an electrolytic process, and the electrolytic groove has become the core and key equipment for the production process of alkali. After entering the 1980s, various industrialized countries have replaced the original diaphragm electrolytic groove with ion membrane electrolysis grooves. The acceleration of my country's industrialization and the technological progress of chlor -alkali industry and the competitiveness of alkaline -roasted enterprises also require the application of ion membrane electrolysis grooves. However, at the time, we did not master the preparation of ion membranes, ion membranes and the core technology and key supporting materials for ion membranes and their required sulfonic acid resin, carboxylic acid resin, and whole fluorine sulfonic acid resin. Therefore, since the 1980s, it lasted for more than 20 years. All the ion film used in all -roasted alkaline production electrolytic grooves in China was introduced and imported by a large amount of foreign exchange. The price was huge. At the beginning of the "Seventh Five -Year Plan", the former National Family Planning Commission and the former Ministry of Chemical Technology listed the ion film as a national key research topic. After entering the new century, Shandong Dongyue Group and Shanghai Jiaotong University joint technology research. Through the national "863" plan, the national science and technology support plan, and the support of Shandong Province's province, in September 2009 The industrialized ion membrane was offline. In May 2010, the two domestic ion membranes tried in Huanghua's chlorine, and June 70 was put into commercial operation at Dongyue Group. After more than 20 years of continuous innovation, it finally succeeded.

Polyethylene key equipment aggregate kettle innovation. Whether it is the ethylene oxygen chloride and the electrical acetylene process, there is a common and key device, which is the reactor of the polymerization of the chlorine mono. The innovation process of reactors is the most representative. The first set of Chinese polyvinyl chloride devices of 3,000 tons/year, 6,000 tons/year design, and gradually expanded to 30,000 to 50,000 tons/year. The aggregation kettle is continuously upgraded from 7 to 15 cubic meters to 30 cubic meters, but the adhesion problem of the polymerization process in the early 1990s has not been solved well. Later, while developing the preparation and internal polishing technology of the innovative aggregate kettle, while developing innovative anti -adhesive cubic agents, it was cleaned from 1 kettle and 1 lid to a dozen kettle, dozens of kettles to the open lid until 2000 until 2000 The year of 70 cubic meters, today's 105 cubic meters, 108 cubic meters, and 110 cubic meters of aggregation kettle. It is constantly innovation that has established the position of China's 15 years in my country for 15 years. Innovation of low mercury and mercury -free catalysts. The reaction process of the acetylene craftsmanship requires mercury chloride as a catalyst during the reaction of acetyl synthesis. The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress formally approved the international convention "Water Capital Convention", which aims to control and reduce mercury emissions worldwide in April 2016. Require. The first step requires all low mercury catalysts, and the second step is to use mercury -free under technology and economic maturity. This requires a large number of R & D and innovation work. By the end of the "Thirteenth Five -Year Plan", after a large amount of R & D and experiments, the domestic electrone -based polyvinyl chloride production devices have all achieved low mercury technology. Catalyst consumption and reduced mercury pollution. Both mercury -free catalysts and mercury -free processes have achieved staged innovation results, creating conditions for the next step in the promotion of mercury -free catalysts and mercury -free processes for the next step.

Petrochemicals: ethylene

4

After the "World War II", the world's petrochemical industry entered a period of rapid development. The development of petrochemical industry in my country is marked by the discovery of the Daqing Oilfield, accompanied by the deepening of reform and opening up, and has entered a large -scale, large -scale and modern fast track. Through continuous innovation, the overall technical level of my country's petrochemical industry is side by side with the world's advanced level. Ethylene is an important basic chemical of petrochemical industry. The ethylene -based raw materials are based on chemical reactions and other chemical reactions such as oxidation, radiation, water convergence, and polymerization. The level of industrialization and production capacity have become a sign of the development level of a national petrochemical industry. At present, the production capacity of ethylene is first in the world, and the production capacity of Chinese ethylene is second.

my country's ethylene industry also started from independent innovation. From the historical data, in January 1970, Lanhua Company's 36,000 tons/annual ethylene sand cracking furnace was completed and put into operation to start the process of ethylene industrialization in my country.

In order to adapt to the rapid development of the national economy, the large -scale industrialization of the ethylene industry was marked with the three large -scale petrochemical devices and 4 large chemical fiber devices established in the National "Four and Three Plan" in January 1973. In the first half of 1977, the 115,000 tons/annual ethylene device in Shanghai Petrochemical General Factory was completed and put into operation in the first half of 1977. The 73,000 tons/year ethylene device of Liaoyang petrochemical fiber was completed and put into operation in September 1979. The most representative is the 300,000 tons/year ethylene device introduced by the Beijing Yanshan Petrochemical Factory in June 1976. It was the first set of 300,000 tons/annual ethylene device for production in the history of my country's petrochemical industry. It was China at that time. The largest and most complicated ethylene device, known as "Super Petrochemical Project". In 1978, my country introduced 4 sets of 300,000 tons/year ethylene and its supporting petrochemical devices, which were built in Daqing, Qilu, Nanjing and Shanghai. my country's ethylene industry has since entered the world's advanced national sequence.

my country's research and development and technical research on ethylene cracking furnaces and its cracking technology has not stopped. The new type of steam cracking furnace that started during the "July Five" period was included in the development of major national technical equipment development projects. On February 40,000 tons/year, the standard was successfully tested in Qilu Petrochemical. In 1991, it won the second prize of the National Major Technical and Equipment Office and the second prize of the national science and technology progress. Beginning in 1993, 40,000 tons/year II furnaces, 6 10,000 tons/year III furnace R & D and technical research. In 2001, a large -scale cracked furnace of 100,000 tons/year was completed and put into operation in Yanshan, and won the second prize of National Science and Technology Progress in 2006. After nearly 20 years of continuous innovation and technological research, the technical level and design level of new type of ethylene furnace independently developed by my country have been continuously improved, and the furnace type has gradually matured and has been formed. At present, the complex raw material millions of ethylene technology independently developed by my country has won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress of 2020, which not only provides a set of cracking technology for Tianjin Petrochemical and Zhenhai Refining and Chemical. It has made my country a international patent for ethylene cracking technology, and its products have successfully exported Malaysia and Thailand. This is the leap of continuous innovation in my country's ethylene industry for 30 years.

- END -