Zhu Kaigou site: Empirical in the northern society's reform of a large division of labor

"Inner Mongolia Daily" special version of the Zhukaigou site: empirical in northern society's reform of a large division of labor

The excavation of the Zhukaigou site first identified the appearance of the early bronze culture in the central and southern parts of Inner Mongolia, filling the gap between the transition of the Longshan culture to the early bronze era.

Affected by the natural environment, the people of Zhukaigou regional people change the use of land and economic structure in a timely manner. The socio -economic and economic structure is transferred from agricultural to animal husbandry or semi -agricultural and semi -animal husbandry, forming the prototype of northern China animal husbandry culture, and completed the first social division of labor. This It is of epoch -making significance for the history of the development of ancient Chinese society.

Zhu Kaigou Culture provides valuable information to explore the economic and development process of northern animal husbandry.

Major archeological discovery in the small ravine

Zhukaigou site is located in Zhukaigou Village, Taohai Town, Ikinhol, Ikinhol in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. "Zhu Kai", Mongolian, Chinese means "heart". Zhukaigou Village is located in the central and eastern part of the Ordos Plateau. Zhu Kaigou flows from the northeast to the southwest to the northeast, and the Narrina is injected into the widow. It flows south to Niuchuan and Cave wild river. The site is distributed at the ditch of the gully and horizontal grooves. Within a range of about 2 kilometers long and about 1 kilometer in north and south, there are new stone era to the relics of the Bronze Age.

In the summer of 1974, Tian Guangjin (1938-2006) of the Inner Mongolia Cultural Relics Team held a cultural relics cadre training course for the Ik Zhao League (now the city of Ordos), and the mountains and cadres were involved in the water. Site, from this, the major archeological discovery of the Neolithic period to the Bronze Age -Zhu Kaigou site was displayed in front of the world.

Tian Guangjin and his team went out of the Zhukai ditch in the next 10 years, determined and named the "Zhu Kaigou Culture", and proposed the classic assertion of "Ordos Bronze Words originated in Ordos and the surrounding areas". The road of archeological research in the northern nation.

In the 1970s, the Zhukai ditch, gully, traffic occlusion, scarcity of human smoke, and bad environment, and the excavation work was extremely difficult. After four excavations of archeologists, a total of about 4,000 square meters was revealed. There were tablet sites and cemetery in the excavated area. A total of 83 houses were found, 207 gray pit, 3 pottery kiln sites, 329 ancient tombs, and 329 ancient tombs. Children's coffin was buried in 19. The earliest kiln site of the Ordos Plateau was unearthed here. More than 640 ruins were found, and more than 1,250 cultural relics were unearthed. Especially during the excavation of 1983, in the late tombs of the site, the earliest Ordos bronze sword, bronze knife and bronze decorations were found in the era. The discovery of the site is of great significance to study the cultural spectrum of early bronze era, the origin of Ordos bronze, the transformation of the agricultural economy to the animal husbandry economy, and the relationship between the Central Plains.

In 1984, under the initiative of Su Bingqi, the "Primitive Cultural Symposium in the Western District of Inner Mongolia" was held. The relics represented by the opening site are named "Zhu Kaigou Culture".

The establishment of Zhu Kaigou culture proves that from 4200-3500 years ago, a human group with its own characteristics is lived in the Ordos region. They are composed of the late Yangshao culture (that is, "" Haisheng Noshi Culture ") about 5500 years ago. Cultural factors have jointly created a brilliant historical chapter in the end of the primitive society in the region, while at the same time, it has a profound impact on human groups in surrounding areas.

Zhen Ziming, deputy dean of the Ordos Museum, introduced that the residential site of the Zhukaigou site is the way the ancient humans lived in the nest, the cave live and the tent of the tents in the old stone era, the ancient residents of the Zhukaigou site have already built wooden bones Mud wall -style thatched house. The housing sites unearthed unearthed in the archeological excavations of the Zhukaigou site are all single-room buildings; the largest area of ​​these houses is about 41 square meters, most of which are about 10-20 square meters. Most of the rooms are shallow -hole and ground buildings. The plane shape of the room site is very regular, mostly square or rectangular.

At the same time, archaeologists confirmed through the comprehensive analysis of unearthed relics and relics. The upper limit of the era of the site was early in the early days of the Longshan Bronze Age of 4,200 years.

The location of the house was found in the scale of a scale in Inner Mongolia. The construction method and layout provided very important physical materials for the lifestyle of the crowd at that time. "The unearthed housing address indicates that the ancient humans of Zhu Kaigou began to settle in life." Zhen Ziming said.

Special professor and doctoral supervisor of the Central University for Nationalities, Wei Jian, Dean of the Institute of Frontier Archeology, introduced in the "Analysis of Zhu Kaigou Culture": The connotation of the unearthed relics unearthed in the Zhukaigou site, the high span of the age For the combination of utensils, there is still a close connection relationship between different pottery combinations. It should reflect the same archeological culture. This is also one of the most characteristic cultural connotations of the Zhukaigou site.

▲ Tm -mud -style thatched housing display

The earliest bronze swords in our country so far

The bronze wares unearthed from the Zhukaigou site are rich in types, including copper, copper knives, and copper short swords. The groove bronze short sword is by far the earliest copper sword unearthed in my country, which is the "first sword in China." Dang Yu, a researcher at the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute, introduced that the Central Plains Bronze Institute focused on rituals, while the northern bronze wares focused on weapons and decorations. From the Bronze Age to the early iron era, the exchanges between various cultures along the Great Wall, and even had many connections with various regions of Central Asia and West Asia, forming a bronze road in the early days of the grassland Silk Road. At the same time, it has also strengthened the integration of people from all regions along the Great Wall.

Sun Jinsong and Dang Yu's "Inner Mongolia Bronze Age Archaeological Relations" stated that with the continuous research on the Zhukaigou site and the excavation of the sites on the south -bank area of ​​the Yellow River, the academic community basically identified the snake pattern, the buttons of the buttons, and the buttons. , Cald -in -mouth or can, potted, three -footed, cross -section of stone swords, and Zhukaigou cultural connotation with the characteristics of a typical utensils with the early style of northern bronze, the short sword, knife, etc. Filled the gap between the transition of Longshan culture to the early bronze era.

Dangyu also introduced that Zhukaigou culture and western fork culture in central and southern Inner Mongolia were from business to the early Western Zhou Dynasty. This area belongs to the influence area of ​​Shang and Zhou culture. It is the civilization of the ghost and the civilization of the Turkish Fang. It is mainly based on local culture. The Lijiaya site and Liu Lin Gaohong site jointly formed the Fang Guo civilization in the north of the central area of ​​Xiashang Culture. The bronze wares unearthed from the Zhukaigou site include short swords, straight handle knives, arms, earrings, ring, needle, cone, cone and other earlier northern system bronze wares, which provides physical information for exploring the origin and development of the bronze wares in northern China.

▲ Bronze short sword unearthed from Zhukaigou site

The development of agricultural economy to semi -agricultural and semi -animal husbandry economy

In the Zhukaigou exhibition area of ​​the Ordos Museum, a large number of bronze wares, Shi sickle, Tao Yan, Tao Yan, three -legged 瓮, etc. were excavated from the site of the Zhukaigou site. With the livestock breeding industry, handmade manufacturing, brewing industry, etc., the bronze smelting technology has been mastered in the late stage.

Snake patterns are typical representatives of the Zhukaigou site unique in the unique utensils. The utensils are thin tires, and the body is decorated with shallow and dense rope patterns. On the rope pattern, it is decorated with a variety of straight lines and folding lines, which are similar to the crawling snake shape.

According to Zhen Ziming, deputy dean of the Ordos Museum, Zhukaigou site is the origin of snake patterns. Snake patterns have a strong regional era characteristics. After that, it was broadcast to the Siberia and Baikal regions. Important physical materials of customs.

The site discovered that Ordos discovered the earliest sickle -glittering stone sickle, indicating that the Zhu Kaigou people living 4,000 years ago were already using the stone sickle to harvest crops. The pottery cups that have been unearthed with a lot of wine and the pottery cups of drinking wine shows that the agriculture of ancient human beings in Zhukaigou is relatively developed. Grain can basically meet the needs of residents' survival, and excess food can meet the behavior of tribal residents to enjoy wine.

With the natural climate of the Ordos region, the ancestors could not resist the harsh natural environment. The agricultural economic form can no longer guarantee human survival and needs, while the animal husbandry economy shows tenacious vitality and superiority. In order to survive and develop, the people of Zhu Kaigou did not follow the climate as the ancestors and other ancient human groups, but in accordance with the environmental changes, adjust the use of land and the traditional economic structure in a timely manner, and began to start from it. The agricultural economy develops to the semi -agricultural and semi -animal husbandry economy. The leading position of Zhu Kaigou Cultural and Agricultural Economy was eventually replaced by the animal husbandry economy.

Gai Zhiyong, a researcher at the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute, believes that the prototype of the northern animal husbandry culture is first separated from the original agricultural culture in the Ordos region and completed the first social division of labor. significance.

The integration of cultural tourism allows the site to live

The distribution of Zhukaigou culture is in the central and southern part of Inner Mongolia in the Ordos region, distributed south to Luliang Mountains to north of Jin and northern Shaanxi. West to the eastern foot of Helan.

Although the distribution range of Zhu Kaigou culture is not very broad, the penetration of the surrounding areas is extremely strong, showing the strong vitality of the tribe group. In the late Shang Dynasty, some of the "Fang Kingdoms" active in the Great Wall of Northern China were composed of them.

Sun Jinsong, Dean of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute, said that the "porridge" and "earthwork" recorded in the ancient documents are widely distributed in the Inner Mongolia region, becoming an important part of the Chinese civilization logo system, and the convention of the Central Plains civilization has created a profound impact on the influence The pattern of etiquette system, political system, cultural system, and early Chinese civilization.

In 2021, based on the archeological excavation of the Zhukaigou site, the only special museum named after the "Zhu Kaigou Culture" was built. Zhu Kaigou -The remote mountain villages have shocked ancient civilizations and tap Zhu Kaigou -archeological discovery shocked the society of society and looking forward to Zhukaigou -protecting the use of three units of the joint promotion of literature and tourism.

Zhen Ziming, deputy dean of the Ordos Museum, has been engaged in the research of Zhu Kaigou culture for many years. He told reporters: "Tian Guangjin, Yang Zeng, and other experts and scholars for the in -depth research of Zhu Kaigou ruins and the fruitful results. . These not only promote the continued deepening of research, but also highlight the irreplaceable position of Zhu Kaigou ruins in my country's archeological, historical and cultural heritage circles. Zhu Kaigou will also become the destination for cultural tourism in Ordos and even the country. " As an important fulcrum of the Zhukaigou site in the cultural tourism circle of the Warring States Period, the Qin Great Wall of the Warring States Period, and Tao Hai, the Zhukaigou site will also be built into the Ikinholi flag, even the city, the whole city, the whole city, the whole city. The new landmark of cultural tourism in the country and the country stands on the Ordos Plateau.

▲ Bone Bone

▲ Tao Yan and Tao Cup

▲ Excavation site

Source: Inner Mongolia Daily

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