Weifang created the "East Asian Capital" | Walking in the ancient city of Qingzhou, one brick and a tile are all culture

Walking on the streets of the old town of Qingzhou, people will find old houses and courtyard walls built with old town bricks. In the eyes of ordinary people, these semi -pulled city bricks are nothing more than filling the garbage pit, but few people realize that there are many articles in these city bricks. Especially those city bricks engraved with text, their cultural connotation is very rich. Based on its unique cultural forms, it reflects and confirms the construction of the ancient city of Nanyang and the history of previous repair. The tagged city bricks, as well as anecdotes related to city bricks, constitute a unique city brick culture.

Regarding historical records, Nanyang City in Qingzhou has been established without testing. During the Tang and Song dynasties, it was only a Tucheng. It was changed to a brick city since the three years of Hongwu (1370). It has a history of more than 600 years. According to the records of Guangxu's "Yidu County", more than 500 years, the city has been repaired six times in a total of six times, namely: Seventh year of Mingzhengde (1512), Jiajing Eighth year (1529), and Kangxi Fifty of the Qing Dynasty. Five years (1716), Qianlong 47 (1782), Twenty -first year of Daoguang (1841), and Guangxu fifteen years (1889), during the period, small -scale maintenance. In the 1920s and 1930s, a large -scale repair was also done. Now we have seen the "Hongwu Three Years" (1370) and the "Yidu City Brick" in the middle of the Republic of China, which is the two rare physical testimony used by the city from the first built city and the last time the city.

In recent years, the author has conducted a survey of the city wall, city brick and related city brick culture in Nanyang City. More than 30 types of tiles engraved with various imprint text were found. From the perspective of calligraphy lines, the real grass is omnipotent. From the perspective of engraving methods, the shade is engraved with all. From the perspective of text content, it can be divided into the following types: First, the city brick, there are "Hongwu Three Years", "Yiyi Summer", "Yi Chou □□". The second is the city bricks engraved with the names of the prefecture counties. The third is to remember the name of the kiln -making brick, "Kangxi □ □ Nianqingzhou kiln households □ □ furnish" "□ □ Liao Bingde kiln master king □ Fang", "Kiln owner Wufu San Brick Man Chen Youyu" " Monk Gao □ "" Guo Zhaosheng "and so on. The fourth is the most named military officials and official names. "Late" "Lu □ Three Lakes soldiers with frugality", "Zuo Wei Hou Hou's small flag Hu □□", "military capital □", "□ guard", "thousands of households", "hundred households" and so on. Unfortunately, due to the severe wind erosion of the year, many words are difficult to interpret. Another is printed on the side of the brick in the form of a printed model, ranging from 20 cm in length, about 4 cm wide, the font is small, the most difficult to read. The text in this print is mostly "military". The best preservation is the "Yidu City Transfer" burned during the last repair of the city in the middle of the Republic of China. After more than 80 years, the handwriting is still very clear. Judging from the discovery and preliminary investigation of the above -mentioned city bricks, the specifications of city bricks are mainly the following three types. Local people are called No. 1 city brick, No. 2 city brick, and No. 3 city brick. The No. 1 city brick is 42 cm long, 20 cm wide, 12 cm thick, weighs 36 pounds. The No. 2 city brick is 38 cm long, 18 cm width, 10 cm thick, weighing 24 pounds. The No. 3 city brick is 32 cm long, 16 cm width, 8 cm thick, and weighs 12 pounds. It is rumored that when the government reviewed the specifications and weights of these city bricks at that time, it also referred to the relevant astronomical calendar figures. Although we can't understand the mysteries, but from the specifications and weight of the bricks, it just corresponds Twelve months or twelve earthly branches, twenty -four solar terms and other calendar numbers each year. In the past, the requirements for firing of city bricks were extremely strict. According to the descendants of a local kiln worker: "There are three city bricks burned in that year: First, the bricks fired by the brick kiln designated by the non -governmental government are not used. The third is that it is not necessary to burn the bricks and the bricks of burning deformation. "Another more important point is that all designated brick kiln must be compiled and determined by the kiln owner. The quality of Xiucheng's brick is confirmed from the source.

Qingzhou Nanyang City was the tallest and most magnificent ancient city in Shandong Province. The length of the perimeter 13 was strange and one miles longer than the comprehensive perimeter in Jinan. At that time, the large number of bricks of Tsukai Xiucheng could be imagined. Historical materials confirmed that the construction of the city to build a city can mobilize the human and material resources of the states and counties under the jurisdiction of the Qingzhou government, but most of the city bricks used are fired on the spot to reduce the burden on transportation. In order to ensure the use of bricks in Xiucheng, for hundreds of years, dozens of brick kilns have been built in enclosure, forming a large -scale brick kiln group. For many years, due to a large amount of brick bricks, a piece of depression appeared outside the city. The Tangxi depression of the "Ten acres of Lin Tang Bachelor's House" of Zhao Bingzhong, the Mingdon Yuan Yuan, refers to this. The current landforms such as the Lotus Bay, Mu Guiyinggou (now the area of ​​the Songcheng City), and Yaowa Street are the witness left by the history of brick bricks.

The city brick in Nanyang City not only requires strict requirements, but also has strict requirements and accountability methods in specific construction. A few years ago, according to an old man named Liu in Chaoyang Village, before liberation, he participated in the city wall on the east side of the southwest corner building. When it was demolished to the ground more than three meters high, he found a piece inlaid on the wall. Stone carving. It is about 1 meter long and 60 cm wide. It is recorded in detail the task of Xiucheng sent to Anqiu County under Qingzhou Prefecture. The specific contents include the names of engineering volume, supervisor, leader, supervision, logistics and other personnel, and the date of construction. On the nearby city walls, several city bricks engraved with "Anqiu County Supervision" were also removed. According to analysis, these tiles left now are likely to be in the construction of the year. Inspection and acceptance. From the perspective of these text tiles currently discovered, there are both age -year characters, as well as the text of a certain government, county -controlled text, as well as the text of the kiln, kiln owner, and brick -making people. However, it is more engraved with the texts of a military unit and official positions, such as: Metropolitan Army, Military Capital, Health, Institute, Thousands, Baihu, Flag, etc. It is strange that all the city bricks with military text have a common feature that most of these bricks are No. 1 and No. 2 bricks, with large volume and excellent brick quality. See, it is the city bricks in the early Ming Dynasty, not later than in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. From the three years, when the city was renamed Nanyang Tucheng into a masonry city in the three years of Ming Hongwu, such a strong project was undertaken by the army or was undertaken by the people's migrant workers. Through the above -mentioned text tiles, the large -scale urban construction project of the city in the early Ming Dynasty was determined that it was indeed borne by the local garrison. Take a step back. At least, it is mainly troops and supplemented by the people. There are three reasons for the analysis: First, the general administrative chief of the city building is not a local administrative officer, but the highest military chief officer of Shandong Metropolitan commander, Ye Dawang, who has the right to call the officers and soldiers of the province's guards in the province. Second, Qingzhou set up Zuowei in the early Ming Dynasty and 5,600 soldiers. On time, the guards of the guards lived in one place, and they were farming and guarding. During the war, the court was dispatched at any time and usually practiced Tuantian in the guards. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Daming regime was basically stable. When the officers and soldiers were farming, it was also in line with the situation at the time. Third, from the analysis of these city bricks we discovered at present, most of the text content is related to military. Therefore, it is not possible to rule out that the resident army has indeed participated in the historical facts of the construction of Nanyang City. Double the effort. In the history of Qingzhou, the anecdotes caused by the city bricks are mostly elaborate. The most widely volatile is "the first brick in Qingzhou", also known as "magic brick". According to legend, when the Qingzhou City was built in the early Ming Dynasty, many brick kiln was built around the city. Before the official ignition, a good day was selected, and a large brick kiln in Dongguan Kiln Waka was specified. According to historical records, this brick is high, six feet wide, and more than two feet thick. After the first brick is burned, the kiln can be allowed to ignite. As a result, this brick was successful at one time, known as "the first brick in Qingzhou" and held a grand kiln ceremony. Since then, the people in the eight townships around them have come to watch, and the rumors have gradually upgraded the bizarre, and people give it the second name "God Brick". The famous Golden Shijia Duan Songling in the Qing Dynasty described poetic bricks in his "Ten Ballads": "Whoever builds Ji (Ji, brick) is full of fire, and the fire color marks are not over. Yidu County Land), I want to ask Hong Fang in Qiaozhuo. "This brick was towering for hundreds of years at the beginning of the original site (the west side of the northern end of the political and French Street), and in the early 1970s, it was buried into the ground when it was established. During the Republic of China, a middle school student in Shandong Provincial Middle School (now Qingzhou No. 1 Middle School) visited the magic brick, and wrote an essay as a proposition, which was praised in the school. A Ichi II. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was a family named Li in the south gate. When the wall was built on the wall, there was a word -of -the -art tile brick on the wall. The government, claiming that Li Mou stole the city brick "a piece". As soon as the county grandfather heard it, some people dared to steal the city bricks. If this was fine, he immediately went to the verification. It was found that Li's wall was only a tile with a word of words, and he asked the plaintiff Liu. Why did he lie to the case and tease his official. Liu said: "The little people refer to '' one piece 'means." After hearing it, the county official was helpless, so he had to punish Liu Mou silver, and said, "I punished you a' film ' -Blocks' are not distinguished. "It is not difficult to see from this small anecdotic that in that era, if the civilians were privately dismantled by private city bricks, those who were light were punished, and the severe cases would suffer from prison. There are also rumors that in the 1930s, when Yang Jiuwu was the county head, two officials were designated to run brick kiln. Brick blanks determine the number of penalties to get off the bricks according to the weight of the crime, but complete at least 25 bricks a day. Later, the talents of Qingzhou had the saying "twenty -five blanks in the morning and evening", and to describe those who were working hard, don't want to leave after they couldn't do it.

Qingzhou City brick culture has a long history, and the words of each city brick reflect a strong historical and cultural atmosphere. Behind each city brick, there is an extraordinary history. Although the Qingzhou city brick and city brick culture, which has been cast for more than 600 years, cannot be comparable to the Qin brick and Han tiles, it has played a role in adding bricks and tiles for Qingzhou's deep historical culture.

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