I heard that the masters of the drama have begun to study "The Map of the River"

Recently, the ancient drama "Menghua Record" is hot. This drama is based on the script "Zhao Pan'er Fengyue Salvation and Dust" of Guan Hanqing's script "Zhao Pan'er Fengyue" in the Yuan Dynasty. Essence The bustling life of the Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo, Tokyo (also known as Jingjing, and Kaifeng, Henan) was moved to the screen. : "Tokyo is really rich and charming."

Stills of film and television dramas "Menghua Record"

Needless to say, the prosperous life of the people of Jingjing in "The Tu of the Qingming River" is not necessary. If we admire the "Qingming Shanghe Tu" of the Northern Song Dynasty painter Zhang Xuanduan from the perspective of the technical history, what interesting details can we find?

Article / Shi Xiaolei (Institute of Natural Science History of the Chinese Academy of Sciences)

Framed Saw —— Provincial Small Experts

Next to a large tree near the crossroads of the picture, two guys in the repair shop are planed wood across the bench, and a wheel wheel (outside the wheels) on the ground with a wooden pupa. On the ground at the forefront of the bench, you can clearly see a frame saw.

Frame saw (Photo Supply/Shi Xiaolei)

The frame saw is a "work" shape saw. The wooden frame of the "Gong" glyphs is installed on one side of the wooden frame, and the other side is connected with a rope belt, and then one end of the stick is inserted into the middle of the rope strap. Thus tighten the sawbag.

This saw in "The Tu Tu of the Qingming River" was the earliest frame saw image in China, indicating that it was generally used by the people at the time. Before the frame saw, the sawwood tools had hand saws and bow -shaped saws. These two saws were unable to compete for vertical processing of large wood due to the characteristics of the structure. The emergence of frameworks is a major breakthrough in the history of the development of ancient Chinese woodworking technology. It not only makes the processing of large plates simple and easy to process, but also saves a lot of wood and improves wood utilization.

Balancing rudder — save effort helpers

The rudder in "The River Map of Qingming" belongs to a balanced rudder in shape. The rudder rod axis of the balanced rudder moved back, so that some rudder leaves were located on the front side of the rudder axis. The rudder rotates the water by himself, and the water has a reaction force to the rudder's leaves, thereby changing the direction of the ship's sailing. The balance rudder is more labor -saving because there are rudder leaves on both sides of the rudder axis. Moreover, the rudder on the Luohe ship is not only a balanced rudder, but also a lifting rudder. From the rope connected between the tail of the ship and the rudder's leaves, the rudder can be lifted. Then when the ship is driving to the shallow water area, the rudder can be lifted to avoid bottom damage.

The Luohe vessels in the "Map of the Qingming River" can clearly see the balance rudder (pictured/Shi Xiaorei)

Hidden and important tools -的 的

There is also an inconspicuous water lifting appliance in the painting -轳.很 is very hidden on the picture and will not be found easily. There is a field of fields next to the upper part of the screen. There is a well in the middle of the field, and a hip of the water well is set up. This 轳 in "The Map of the Qingming River" indicates that the time was generally applied to life at the time, which had important historical significance.

The position of the 轳 position in "The Map of the Qingming River" is hidden, it is difficult to find it (pictured/Shi Xiaalei)

轳 轳 明 明 明 明 in the ancient book of the Ming Dynasty (Ruishi Liangying "

用 is a effort -saving machinery that uses the principle of the axis. The water -drawing tools widely used before the Northern Song Dynasty include orange and pulleys. The history of orange and pulleys is very long, because they can be seen in many cultural relics unearthed in the Han Dynasty. It can be seen that it has been commonly used in the Han Dynasty. Orange is a leverage. One end is bound to stones or other heavy objects, and the water drawing utensils (such as wooden barrels) are hung on one end, so that when the water is raised from the well, it will save effort. Although the pulley is essentially effortless, the direction of the power can be changed. Since the invention and use, the use scene of the pulley has been significantly less.

There are many details that can be "glimpsed with small" in "Qingming Shanghe Tu". For example, the Hongqiao on the Luohe River does not have a pier, stretching the arm with giant wood, light structure, is the earliest wooden arch cantilee bridge style in China; The structure and driving methods have their own forms, which provides image information for the verification of the transportation at that time; there are two figures in the painting, which provides a basis for examining the history of the development of ancient China. In addition to bringing the joy of art aesthetics, it is also like a treasure trove of knowledge. Through many inconspicuous picture details, it reflects the material civilization and technical characteristics of that era, and keeps everyone to explore and dig.

Knowledge link

Why can I save effort

G is the weight of the bucket, H is the radius of the axis, and F is the force used at the shaking handle (that is, the force of water lifting), and l is the distance from the center of the axis to the center of the axis. According to the principle of leverage: FL = gh, so f = gh/L. It can be seen that if L is twice that H, then the force used to increase the bucket is half the weight of the bucket.

The schematic diagram of the principle (drawing/Shi Xiaolei)

This article comes from the magazine of "Knowledge is Power". The original title was "Small Sight -the Northern Song Division in the" Hidden in the Hidden River ". The cover map is a still photo of the film and television drama "Menghua Record"

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