Jinyang Danqing and Liangxiang in the western Yunnan!Chai Zejun: Research on the Ming Dynasty murals of Hori Shan Duofu Temple

Duofu Temple

mural

Rising Mountain Top,

Duofu Temple.

On Danqing Wall,

The wind and rain gradually rose.

Xiao Xiaoxuan,

Qingzhu lives in seclusion.

Wind enters Qisong,

Mingyue has no 翳.

September 21,

Ingenuity Jinyun ingeniously

Dufu Temple Ming Dynasty Macration Boutique Exhibition

Carried out at the Museum of Baoshan City, Yunnan Province.

This exhibition,

Hosted by Taiyuan Cultural Relics Bureau, Baoshan Cultural and Tourism Bureau,

The Rising Mountain Museum of the Institute of Cultural Relics Protection of Taiyuan City,

Hosted by Baoshan City Museum.

▲ Baoshan City Museum

▲ The exhibition site

Duofu Temple,

Located on the top of the Rising Mountains 24 kilometers northwest of Taiyuan, Shanxi,

Platform at an altitude of 1280 meters.

Founded in the second year of Tang Zhenyuan (AD 786),

The first name of the surrounding temple,

It is one of the dojo of Wenshu Bodhisattva,

At the end of the Song Dynasty, it was destroyed by the fire.

Rebuilding during the Ming Hongwu period (1368-1398),

During the Ming Dynasty, it was renamed Duofu Temple.

Duofu Temple has a complete layout,

Hillside,

Sitting north to the south, Sanjin courtyard,

The central axis is stored from south to north

Tianwang Hall, Daxiong Temple, Tibetan Scripture Tower, Qianfo Temple.

There are eighty -four murals of Buddhist stories in the Daxiong Palace,

The treasure of the Ming Dynasty murals.

▲ Overlooking Duofu Temple

▲ Rising Mountain

Dufu Temple mural,

As the most complete Ming Dynasty temple viewing murals preserved in Taiyuan City,

Have important historical, artistic and scientific value.

Drawing questions,

For the monetization of the Bank of Shakyamuni,

Drawing Shakyamuni from birth,

Growth, monks, cultivation, wake -up, wake -up,

Chengzhengjue, the world, until Nirvana and other experiences.

The mural is composed of comic comic,

Starting from the southern end of the east wall, starting

Draw around the wall against the wall,

Finally to the end of the south end of the west wall,

A total of eighty -four.

▲ Doffu Temple mural

This exhibition,

Twenty -two simulation murals were carefully selected as exhibits,

Such as "The Fifth King of Vanant, the Prince, please the Seans Immortals"

"The Thirty -first Prince Seeing Flashing and Federation of Buddhist Cars"

"Seventy -fourth Vatican Consecration Mission to the Power of Rush", etc.

It reflects the basic characteristics of the story of the Buddhist story of the Ming Dynasty.

Reflect the context and historical value of the development of Buddhism in the Ming Dynasty.

▲ The exhibition site

This mural exhibition is mainly scroll,

In conjunction with some mules, simulation mud, albums and other forms,

Strive to present it to the public

The cultural and artistic value contained in the murals of Difu Temple.

The exhibition aims to promote traditional history and culture,

Promote the understanding of the protection of cultural relics in Shanxi,

Appreciate the historical connotation of Splendon Taiyuan.

The exhibition

It will last until November 21.

Bao · Mountain

Baoshan is located in the southwestern part of Yunnan. It is adjacent to Dali, Lincang, Nu River, and Dehong in the inside. It is connected to the mountains and rivers of Myanmar. Before the forces of the Han Dynasty touched, the ancestors of the Dai nationality established the tribal country "Palm" (Dai language "" local, the country "," palm "means" elephant "," elephant "," elephant "in the Baoshan Basin The place of "the country of elephant"), the Han Dynasty historian Sima Qian described the "palm" as "the country" and "Yunnan Vietnamese" in his "Historical Records". The Tang Dynasty of Baoshan belonged to the Nanzhao State, with Yongchang Jiejia; in 1913 (the second year of the Republic of China), the government of the Republic of China promoted the provincial, road, and county -level administrative systems to delay the retaining Baoshan County of Yongchang Prefecture. It was renamed the Baoshan area, and in 2001, there was a prefecture -level city in Baoshan City.

Dufu Temple mural appreciation

Research on the Ming Dynasty murals of Hori Shan Duofu Temple

Text/Chai Zejun

The mural is a painting painted on the wall. Crystals are generally divided into four types: court murals, tombs, tombs, temple viewing murals and grotto murals. The beginning of the murals is far away. The rock paintings of the Stone Age should be the precedent of my country's murals. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were already murals in the palace Mingtang and Mansion. The content was mostly the Holy Junxian and loyal ministers who were "enlightened and helpful".

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the wind of the later burial was prevailing. In addition to the palace house, the tomb of the nobles was painted with murals. Its content is mostly living, traveling, regression, banquets, juggling, mountains, farming, etc. The introduction of Buddhism and the rise of Taoism make the Taoist temples spread throughout the country quickly. Because the temples are mostly to draw murals (Note 1), this has greatly broaden the fields and scope of mural drawing.

From the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the cemetery murals, the drawing and artistic achievements of temple viewing murals reached a peak. Wu Daozi, Yang Tingguang, and Wei Chi of the Tang Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty were all famous for drawing murals. After the Song Dynasty, the literati ink painting prevailed, and the murals gradually became the industry of folk artists. The artist was called "artisan". Many officials and literati and literati are not heavy in the landscapes, and they do n’t hesitate to make themselves. This is very unwilling.

▲ Doffu Temple

As far as the country is concerned, after the Song Dynasty, the temple's murals were far less prosperous with the decline of religion. However, the Buddhist temples in Shanxi exist in large quantities. So far, there are thousands of beautiful murals of the five dynasties of Liao, Song, Jin, Gold, Yuan, and Ming Dynasty in these temple views. Its theme is rich, the painting skills are superb, and the exact era can be tested, but also the name of the artist. This is undoubtedly a glorious chapter in the history of painting in my country. The Ming Dynasty murals of Horiyama, Mori Shan, Miyuan, should be a superb page in this glorious chapter. Dufu Temple murals are stored on the wall of the Daxiong Palace in the temple. Daxiong Treasure Hall was rebuilt in the seventh year of Song Jingtai in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1456). The inside of the existing hall is recorded as "× Daming Jingtai seven years old Bingzi Bingzi April Guizi Shuo's fourth □ □ 卯 卯 卯 卯 卯 卯 卯 现 现 现" is enough to prove. The east and west trees and ends of the palace are painted with murals on the inside of the east and west ends of the eaves, with a total area of ​​90.93 square meters. Its painting is the tranquility of Shakyamuni, that is, the instructions of Shakya Rulai, also known as Shakyamu, Shakyamuni biography, and so on.

▲ The Mission of Vatican Consecration was announced where Rulai came

This picture is composed of comic strips. From the top of the east wall, it starts with the clockwise drawing around the wall. Finally, it will end the lower part of the south end of the west wall, with a total of 84. Among them, there are twenty -two east walls, twenty east sections in the north wall (east), twenty pieces in the west section of the north wall (western half), and twenty -two west walls. In 1988, Temple Yuxing worked, repairing the temple, reinforcing the murals, and found on the picture to draw the title of the ink book left by the artist when drawing the mural. Its content is "Tomorrow Tomorrow Tomorrow (AD 1458) on March 13th.

According to the conventional, the questions on the murals are mostly left on the topic when drawing the murals, and Doffu Temple is no exception. According to the time limit of the murals, the inscription left by the ink book left by the inner spine in the inner spine of the Daxiong Treasure Hall confirms each other. Walls, decoration doors and windows, pave the ground, shape the Buddha statue, and draw the completion of the inner murals in the second year (1458 AD). Only three years before and after. This is the normal front and back of engineering projects and procedures (including the waiting period of the wall).

▲ The prince entered the mountains and trains to horses back to the horse to see Mrs. Yelun's grief

Sakyamuni has changed its business. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they were mostly called Shakya Rulai. The stories of monks, audiences, and painting circles were commonly known as Buddhist stories. With the development and evolution of Buddhism in our country, the Buddhist banks have evolved and supplemented in all ages. The number of figures from the northern and northern dynasties has increased from more than 30 (Note 2) to 48 (Note 3) in the Jin Dynasty, and Yuanming increased to 84 (Note 4), and the Qing Dynasty increased to one One hundred and sixth or twenty or two hundred and seven (Note 5). At the same time, some temples in Shanxi were still due to the old rules during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The map of Shakya Rulai should be drawn by the forty -eight drawing of the Jin Dynasty (Note 6).

Taiyuan Duofu Temple declined at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and Wang Zhu Xi, the king of Jin Gong in the early Ming Dynasty. Jin Gong Wang Shi and presided over the Taiyuan Chongshan Temple, which was built, with a large scale and prominent status. It has the nature of the Jinwangzu Temple and the place where the monk Gang Division is located. The Buddha under the Grand Graogen of the Chongshan Temple is eighty -four. Duofu Temple is very grateful to the good deeds of King Jin Gong and Wangfu to promote the Dharma. Therefore, the murals in the hall are also made of the theme of Chongshan Temple, or they are drawn according to the small samples of the murals of Chongshan Temple.

▲ Shizun sees the hunter's repairs where the Buddha says the Buddha's statement

Most of the contents of the murals of Dofu Temple can be clearly reflected on the topic. The eighty -four Buddhist lines have changed the map. Each picture is set up with a rectangular small ink line. There are two lines in the book list, and the names, content and plot of the frame are clearly marked on the list. For a long time, some of the topics were unclear. A small amount of handwriting is different from the scriptures.

The change of the Buddhist bank showed all the experiences of Sakyamuni to Nirvana × in the form of painting. It is more vivid and authentic than the text. There are many secular plots and scenes in this set of Buddhist tranquils. For example, when the prince was young, he asked Asuka (that is, the face), the enrollment from the teacher's advancement, the algorithm of the enrollment of the teacher, the ride of the young man in the adolescent, the martial arts of the Nandian Kingdom, Seeing the elderly's compassion, the injury to the dead, the seedlings see the poor, see the poor, abandoned Mrs. Ye Laos, the wishes of the gay city, and the coward to see the way. The content reflected in these paintings is very close to the life of the world. The viewer is close to these pictures, not only feels close to life, but also feels affectionate.

▲ I feel like the heavenly people offer the treasure cover

Of course, this set of menstrual changes also evolved. For example, there are children under the armpits, the top of Kowloon, the seven steps of the Zhouxing, the foot of the foot, the heavenly people, the heaven and the man, the four heavenly kings, the throne, the Buddha in the palace Raw fire, coffin, coffin, and self -raising of golden coffins, all of which are the evolution of the Buddha, sublimation and monks' worship of the Buddha.

It should also be explained that Shakyamuni (that is, to become a Buddha), and there are many major activities. For example, the first Top Ten disciples of Falun, the Ten Disciples of the Falun, the 500 Luohan, the Mother of the Ghost, and the seven places and nine associations. According to the "Huayan Scriptures", Shakya Shizun once performed in the seven places (seven places), including three times (that is, three places, three meetings), four times in heaven (that is, four places, four meetings), plus heavy weight Meeting Pu Guangming Hall and Sanhui Pu Guangming Hall. History is called the Seven Lands and Nine Association, that is, the First Silence Destroyer (Puti Dao Farm), the Second Puoguang Fayang Association, the Third Light Litta Cymalist, the Fourth Night Skin Palace The Hualian Palace Club, the Seventh Meeting Pu Guang Fatang, the Eighth Thirteenth Society Puoguang Fatang, and the Ninth Permanent Garden Club (also known as the Chongge Lecture Hall). At the nine large -scale law conferences conducted in these seven places, the Sakyama Shizun played the saying that many people, gods, monsters, and sentient beings on earth have been gathered. It may be that these important activities have been included in the Huayan Scripture, and these activities have not been related to the life and growth of Shakya Shizun. Based on this, it can be considered that the transformation of the Buddhist bank is not all the performance of Shakya Shizun during his lifetime.

▲ Shizun Zhiluo's mother has difficulty in driving the clouds and scattered flowers

Many Buddhas have been used in the Buddha's Tibetan after obtaining righteousness, the deeds of the evil spirits, the mountains and the sea monsters, and the world's beings. Chengzhengjue, Duke, and Nirvana's life experience and behavior. In other words, the transformation of the Buddhist bank is his experience of his life, not the summary of the merit and performance of the Buddha. Many major achievements and major contributions to the establishment of Buddhism in Shakyamuni have not been included in the transformation of the Buddhist bank.

The composition method of the murals of the Daxiong Palace, according to the plot of the change of the Buddhist Buddhist line from the southern end of the east wall. The characters, buildings, trees, flowers, flowers, stones, sculptures and natural scenery on each picture are sparse and dense, and they are scattered; there are inside and outside, there are different inside and outside; there are vision, space, vision integration, and space cut. Except such a well -sketch on the small picture, which is a careful work.

In the form of comic comics, there are mostly ink frames. The formats of the halls seem to have a boundary, but there is no straight line of ink frames. It is connected by buildings, trees, list topics, clouds, flowing water, and color lines to make the formats of each format. There is both clearly distinguished and integrated. The hue of each mural is very harmonious. The overall picture is mainly green and green. Various lines such as character clothing, hair buns, buildings, trees, etc. are mostly embellished and sketched by ink threads, and then fill the color to apply color, clear and bright. Look at each picture with unique plots and self -containing pattern. Overall observation, magnificent momentum, continuous continuous, and there is a great momentum.

▲ The place where the prince of the prince is the prince of the prince

The figures on the picture have evolved due to their lives, status and meridian plots. The emperor's power is high, and the momentum is majestic. As a queen, Mrs. Moye and her aunt, wearing a crown and rich and luxurious, she was solemn and serene, she was generous, and she was angry and not revealed. Gong'e's maid may hold the palace fan, or hold the moon ax, or carry a feather broom, or quote the prince to bathe, or help the queen, be careful, respectful, slightly humble, and the stretch of stretching gives a sense of appeal and intimacy. Many officials and ministers slaughter their clothes, their expressions were heavy, and they were dignified.

The craftsmen originally portrayed the feudal dynasty's system in the picture, so that the historic and artistic exaggeration and artistic manifested, more properly reflected the appearance of social life at that time.

For example, the first picture, Mrs. Mayer was sitting in front of the court, with unwell belly, and the front of her body, showing a sense of pregnancy. There is no palace to serve around, and it seems that there is no hunch. The Bodhisattva Bodhisattva suddenly entered the palace to give the fetus, and the wife was pregnant. There was neither a sign of special differences, nor accompanied by others, and was silent. This is obviously different from other Buddhist temple murals.

In the fifth, King of Vatican sat in the palace. The rich court environment and their own complex psychological state are very secular on earth.

In the seventh, in the front yard of the court, the prince stepped on the lotus under the Bodhi tree, referring to the heavenly finger, meaning "the world, but I respect it alone." The prince's legs leaving the microphone, showing a weak trend. The palace lady helped behind her. Although Mrs. Mayer was slightly far from the prince, but she was in love, and the pity of the pity was expressed in an openness.

Users

In the ninth, I feel like a god of presence. In the courtyard, under the Bodhi tree, the second house lady moved forward, the prince played the palace fan, and the lady followed, the second waiter held Jin Gua and the moon ax to serve at the tail. The palace lady is elegant, the waiter is respectful, the noble lady is solemn and gorgeous, and the queen's expression is different.

▲ I feel like heaven and people offer treasures

In the eleventh, I felt a good -hearted incense.

▲ I feel like a god of incense

In the twelfth, he lived in Tianren. The two are very similar to the treasure map, and the offender is taken away. The palace lady's wife and prince's courtyard walking has not yet noticed it. The characteristics of the characters have different walking orientations and different behaviors, which causes the picture to have their own characteristics and have no same disadvantages.

▲ The place where Jingju Tianren and the prince gives you Tianyi

In the fifteenth, the prince learns algorithms. In the courtyard of the palace, the former teacher was sitting, and the second servant was located on the side. The prince learned on the opposite side. The water, stones, and corals in the courtyard are orderly, Gu Song cover its side, and indoor and outdoor servants are busy. These portrayal seems to show the world of worldly behaviors, and it is a work that the artisans originated from the basis of pink books. ▲ The prince enters the division of the teacher

Twenty -ninth, the prince abandoned his love and said goodbye to Mrs. Lady. The prince bowed to worship and worshiped, and the lady gave each other.

▲ The prince's abandonment of the vulgarity of Mrs. Yelun

In the thirty -nine, the prince entered the mountain ascetic. Back to the horse to report to Mrs. Ye, the wife stood under the bodhi tree in front of the palace, the mountains and stones dates, and the flowers and trees helped, but the expression was helpless.

In the sixty -four, the southern fire dragon triggers burn Buddha. On the altar, Bao Gai covered the top, and the light was shining.

▲ Shizun finds the place where the southern fire dragon magic is difficult to burn the Buddha

In the sixty -fifth, poor ginseng Buddha went to Qi. Hutchs and grass, the tables and stools are simple, the poor are dressed, bowed to the Buddha, and please accept it. Shizun's head combed the snails, wearing a Fa Yi, a foot of the lotus platform, showing a kind situation of kindness, accepting the poor people into the Fa, going to Qishe, and breadth of all beings.

In the sixty -eighth, Mrs. Ye Lady was born Prince Luo. The palace is luxurious, the ground is inlaid, and the maids and servants outside the palace are busy.

▲ Shizun's former refers to the place where Mrs. Yelun lives.

In the seventy, the King of Vatican was furious and the prince burned Prince Luo. The Crown Crown is standardized, and the dresses are clean. The ministers lived around and listened. Behind the palace fan standing, the martial arts were waiting, and there was a majestic trend.

▲ The King of Vatican was furious and the ministers were discussed to burn Luo's mother -in -law's mother -in -law

In the seventy -three, the King of Vatican burned Luo Xunzi's mother -in -law to make a good luck. The King of Van Wan ordered the mother of Luo Xunzi, and Shizunyao pointed out that the fire was extinguished into a lotus pond. The picture was bright and cheerful, and Luo Xunzi's mother was sitting in mind, and the fire was ignited from the periphery. Luo Yizi was sitting on the lotus platform, safe and sound, and the crowd around was surprised. He talked and worshiped Xie En, showing that the Buddha's merit was boundless.

In the seventy -six, Shizun's head came out of the water and fired the treasure. This plot has been unprecedented in the Buddhist business. This plot appeared for the first time in the Grand Hall of Chongshan Temple in Taiyuan. The Buddha here is a sitting style, with water on his head, rising, and slightly like a cloud hovering. Heavenly people offer treasures, many followers. There are flowers, tree bamboo, mountain stones, flowing clouds, etc. on the screen.

In the seventy -seventh, Shizun said Mahayana's teaching method. The Buddhist King of Vatican abandoned the Buddhism, and the King of Vatican wakes up to give the world to salute, and the palace lady holds her side holding her side. The screen is simple and the plot is attractive.

In the seventy -nine, Shizun Shuanglinn ×. Shizun's right couch, holding his head on his right hand, showing the potential of Nirvana. The top ten disciples were around the couch, kneeling or standing, looking at each other, distressed, crying. Heaven, King of Heaven, and Ghosts are crying. In the immersive situation, it seems that they can hear their sobbing sounds, which will inevitably make life sad.

▲ Shizun Shuanglinn ×

In the eighty -one, the golden coffin trusted to travel around the corpse. The gate landscape on this picture is very real, with ten roads, six. The number of nails is not necessarily exact, but the number of ten roads is the Ming system, which provides an important basis for studying the city gate regulations in the Ming Dynasty.

In the eighty -three, the golden coffin was burned. According to the Buddhist Tibetan, the abbot, the elder, the living Buddha, and the monk are all cremated after the silence. Since the introduction of Buddhism in the Han Dynasty, it has been following this regulation, and it is still to date. This is a more scientific method and has been adopted by the world.

The content and scenarios reflected in the above figures have both the evolution of the Buddha and social life; there are both court activities and the scene of the world. There are many diverse, all kinds of colors, which are fascinating and intriguing.

▲ The prince is the place where the prince is walking into the horse

The characters on the picture, in addition to the emperor, queen, Gong'e, maid, as well as civil servants, generals, kings, Lux, King Kong, ghosts, etc. Some are harmonious, some are restrained, some are cheerful, some are free, some are mighty and majestic, and some are brave, all of which are different because of their life, status and duties. His expression, posture either joy, either anger, or good, or evil, or kindness, or calm, or condensed, or cheerful, all changed with the plot of the Buddha's tranquility. The clothing and costumes of various characters are simple and orderly. There are many types of hair buns, corollas, soft towels, and martial arts. Short -shirts, skirts, robes, and long -sighted body, most of them fluttering with the trend.

The artists use their own familiar skills and strong brushwork to portray the life, status, mood, personality, and different psychological activities of various characters through behavior, expression, and facial expressions. Among them, the lines of frustration and twists and turns of the lines have enhanced the spirituality and vitality of the characters. The plot of the picture becomes more vivid through the performance of the characters, and the feelings of various characters are deepening through the plot. This is the fruitful results created by the artists on the basis of inheriting the tradition of their predecessors, to observe life, refine the elements they want to express, and then use their superb painting skills.

▲ Prince Entrusted from Shi Yi, I Advance Day Advanced

Among the various buildings on the screen, there are many palace and temple viewing buildings, and there are also markets, houses, shops, shops, cottage, etc. Among them, palace and temple buildings are the most luxurious. Hooks, decoration, steps, martial arts, platforms, ground, grid fan, beam -waist altar, ground carvings, lintel, birds, flat cases, dragon chairs, water marshes, ponds, etc. are perfectly decorated. Trees, flowers, corals, and ganoderma are listed. They are backgrounds and environments generated by the change of Buddhist banks. Various buildings, environments, scenery, and furnishings are appropriate. The perspective is accurate, there is no sense of annoyance, and there is no disadvantage of empty. They are coherent and orderly between them and the plots, as if the true appearance at the time. Coupled with the embellishment of mountains and rocks, the clouds are lingering, the snow is settled, the flowers and trees are sparse, the wilderness is endless, and the rich and rich are endless. Each plot shows the atmosphere of Dharma Wonderland. The murals of the Dafu Temple Daxiong Temple can be called the superior work of the foundry.

▲ The prince of the King of Vatican invites the Astos immortal to look at it

The color of the murals of this hall is mainly blue and green, and uses Zhu, Bai, 赭, and yellow. On the whole, the murals of the whole hall are green and green. Looking closely, the murals in the hall are bounded before and after, and the two -half tones are different. The color of the east is cold, the west half is slightly warm, and the painting method is slightly different.

It can be seen that the murals of the hall were drawn by two groups of artists. This is an organizational form often adopted by many ancient buildings in Shanxi in ancient buildings. It is also an effective measure to compete and accelerate the construction period. In the drawing process of Song, Jin, and Yuan murals in Gaoping Kaihua Temple, Shuozhou Chongfu Temple, Ruicheng Yongle Palace, Hongdong Guangsheng City, etc., this precedent (Note 7).

▲ The prince is tired of seeing the blossoms and wants to ask the Buddhist car to hide the question

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