Focusing on Jilin: Only the black soil for the hometown

Farmers Daily, September 28, 2022 Edition 008: Pulous

The core area of ​​Pear Tree Millions of Green Food Corn Standardization Base. Data map

Wang Guiman (first from left) View the number of earthworms in the ground under the implementation of the protective farming model. Interviewee confidence

Implement the soil root section of the protective farming model. Photo by Yan Xu

To implement protective farming, it is necessary to change the traditional planting habits for thousands of years. What needs to be persuaded is tens of millions of farmers who live a living land. Therefore, even a little change is like a revolution.

Ten years ago, the appearance of Xihezuizi Village, Lishu County, Jilin Province, in Tao Yong's mind, the hurricane accompanied by time slowly dissipated. But around the beginning of the first month, "wind sand that blows people's face pain", like the hard rocks that are exposed in the wasteland, standing in the depths of his memory. Open your eyes. Looking at the soil in the ground is scraped away, it will be very distressed. "

The same distressed is Wang Guiman, who had worked at the agricultural technology promotion station in Lishu County for more than ten years. "The worst time, it was 6 cm a year. 400 years. "

This is probably the relationship between agricultural people. Looking at the black soil with no stickiness and noodles that year, Miao Quan in Gujiazi Village, Lishu County filled with worry, "My ancestors are all planting land. This place can no longer protect it. several years?"

At the beginning, they probably did not expect that the sadness and anxiety caused by these common memories caused them to fight side by side from Su Mei to the side of the shoulders many years later. Black land protective farming technology. A series of effective practices they explore are called "pear trees models" by people, and accompanied by this typical experience in the Northeast, let more people know their hometown.

Black land has become "broken skin yellow"

In fact, their memory reflects the history of the development and utilization of black land in my country.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the black land of "inserting double chopsticks can germinate" was reclaimed into a good field, and the gorgeous turn of "Beida Wilderness" to "Beidangcang" was one of the most precious achievements of the new Republic. The total grain output of the three northeast provinces has accounted for one -fifth of the country in recent years, and the amount of grain transfer accounts for one -third of the country. From South Grain to North Grain to transport, black land has largely changed the grain production pattern formed by my country for thousands of years. However, due to excessive reclamation and utilization, the black soil is facing severe degradation. In the 1990s, more and more farmers discovered that the black land slowly became a "broken skin yellow" (that is, the black soil layer was thin, and the loess layer was exposed).

In fact, as early as the 1950s and 1960s, scientists began related research on black land protection. They gradually realized that reducing soil and organic matter to return fields are the core requirements for black land protection. "But our habit is that the ground is very loose before the sowing in spring. In the autumn harvest, we must not only collect the straw away, but the root stubble must be placed out. Extract. "Zhang Xudong, a researcher at the Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, realized that these are two very different farming methods.

In the United States, Australia and other countries, protective farming has long become the mainstream farming technology. However, in our country, the farming civilization has a long history of 5,000 years. From the landing of a seed to the bud to flowering, the land almost carries almost all the hope of the farmers. When spring comes to autumn, people work day after day, and finally draw a conclusion in practice: a point of cultivation and harvest.

At the beginning of this century, the former Ministry of Agriculture included protective farming in the 50th technologies that were promoted during the "Fifth Five -Year Plan" period. In 2002, the Central Finance established special funds and established related projects in 13 provinces, municipalities, and districts in the north. In 2004, Wang Guiman's Lishu County Agricultural Technology Promotion Station had responded to the call of Jilin Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences. It plays a role in solidifying soil, which is a common sense of protective farming. Through this project, Wang Guiman knew a little about protective farming.

Therefore, when Zhang Xudong found Wang Guiman in 2006, he said that he wanted to contract 200 acres of continuous land and carried out corn straw covered technology, which is the long -term positioning test of the protective farming of black land. In practice, Wang Guiman agreed, "Let's do this in the pear tree together."

Start Gaojia Village

In this way, in 2007, on a 225 -acre land in Gaojia Village, the protective cultivation practice of pear trees began.

After the corn was harvested at that time, the straw was raised by the villagers home as the fuel of winter heating. But Zhang Xudong asked Wang Guiman to acquire some straws and spread it to the ground.

This shop spread out the question of the villagers: "How does the land covering the straw planting crops in the coming year? How to sow?" The traditional sowing machine broadcast the seeds after flipping or deep plowing in the soil. To implement protective farming, you need to use a seedless sowing machine to try not to flip or deeply rotate. Based on this, you can complete the ditch, sowing, soil covering and fertilizing. However, in that year, there was no exemption of sowing machines in the domestic market. Zhang Xudong could only use one purchased by the Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecological Ecology from the Chinese Academy of Sciences from abroad.

At that time, Miaoquan, who worked at the Agricultural Machinery Promotion Station of Lishu County, was tested by Wang Guiman to Gaojia Village. Watching the machine's "the seeds of the sown are like artificially, the old and neat", he was envious and anxious. "When can we have such a good machine?" the cost is too high. If you want to achieve large -scale promotion, you must first realize the localization of the machine. "This is not simply based on cats and tigers. First of all, we have to understand the principle of the machine, and then let it adapt to our soil. Every link of the homework must be adjusted. "Miao Quan gave a few examples," The distance of the American planting row is about 70 cm, but we are 60 cm. Hundred kilograms. Also, our land is hard, the organic matter content is low, and the soil conditions are different from others. "

"How to solve these different places?"

"Structurally adjust it. For example, fertilizer components increase the amount of fertilizer. Strengthen the weight of the whole machine to ensure the depth of sowing and fertilization. Mature. "

In this way, in Gaojia Village, with the 100,000 yuan raised by Wang Guiman in his personal name, several agricultural people full of longing began to create "Chinese characteristics" exemption. They are not "the first person to eat crabs", but most of others are abolished or unable to copy halfway. The R & D team centered on Miaoquan and several scientists as the core, borrowed the drawings of the predecessors that were not very mature, for nearly a year, and made the prototype of the corn -free seedlings.

Continuous improvement and continuous improvement. The machine finally passed the acceptance of the Jilin Provincial Agricultural Commission in early 2009, and they decided to invest in mass production.

The advent of domestic corn -free seedlings provides a large -scale promotion of protective farming technology, but the change of farmers' concept is far more difficult and long than technological progress. For example, from the perspective of many farmers who have been land for a lifetime, straw burning can not only deal with excess straw, but also increase the land and reduce the disease and reduce pests.

However, Zhang Xudong's long -term positioning test just subverted this traditional experience: under the same soil conditions, a cultivated land with protective cultivation was adopted. Millimeters can effectively solve the problem of drought. If 30 % of the land is covered with straw, it can reduce wind erosion by 70 %, and the amount of fertilizers decreases while increasing production.

Many years of data also shows that protective farming can increase an average of about 3 %, and the wind and sand and arid areas can even be as high as 30 %. Mechanical operations can reduce the cost of about 100 yuan per mu.

The dilemma and breakout of Xihezuizi Village

Increasing production and natalum is the "two major magic weapons" that attract farmers. Mastering the facts of solid data and increasing production, Wang Guiman believes that the timing of large -scale promotion of protective farming has arrived. But this is destined to be a difficult road. After all, it is necessary to change the traditional planting habits for thousands of years. What needs to be persuaded is tens of millions of farmers living on cultivated land. Therefore, even a little change is like a revolution.

Zhu Shouping, a villager of Xihezuzi Village, has attended a seminar on protective farming at no less than ten times, but he still cannot accept it. He can't beat it with traditional old methods. Without a few words, he hurriedly left, and his wife was sick all year round.

At the home of Lao Zhu, the cooking hot pupae must be dependent on firewood, especially in winter. The temperature is nearly minus 30 ° C. He must ensure that his wife is not frozen. It is too expensive to buy coal. Only burning straw to warm it.

He spent his life carefully, and the walls of the family were potholes and were not reluctant to repair it. Although it has been heard that protective farming can increase the production, but the land at home is related to the livelihood of the whole family. He dare not neglect or take risks easily.

Lao Zhu's concerns are not an example. At the beginning of the promotion of sexual farming, Wang Guiman faced such farmers every day. In desperation, he decided to find "fans" first -those who are emotional, capable, and like -minded.

Many technologies can maximize the effect and utilization rate on the land of large -scale films. A lot of farmers are difficult to accept, let alone be willing to adopt. "So we discuss, we should use cooperatives as the main target we promoted. Because of the large scale of land, increasing production and its standards to the cooperatives is far from ordinary farmers." Wang Guiman made up his mind and mobilized the enthusiasm of the cooperative to promote protective farming. The top priority.

As an agricultural county, there are more than 4,000 farmers' professional cooperatives in Lishu. These cooperatives usually concentrate the land in the form of circulation or farming to collect the land to operate the land, pay to the villagers a certain land transfer rent every year, or obtain a fixed farming management cost from the villagers.

In the process of looking for "fans", Tao Yong appeared in Wang Guiman's sight. His Shuangli Cooperative has a small scale in the village, and it has been out of the village. He has a wide range of vision and can look at the problem from an international perspective. "Those advanced agricultural producers have long been available everywhere, and we still stay in the small four rounds. We are so big that we can't condense and increase production?" Tao Yong is a person who really wants to do things. "Otherwise, it is impossible to give up more than 100,000 money a year outside and go back to my hometown to start a business." Even so, Tao Yong faced a difficult battle. At that time, most of the villagers were "not looking at this stuff." Most of the villagers. Because in their eyes, the land that has not been cultivated "has no ridge, and the ground is still very hard, and it must not be high." And because of the first time with a non -farming machine, it is not skilled. Compared with his own "straight land", Tao Yong's ridge is "obviously crooked and there is no kind of land."

The traditional method of farming is to leave the straw first, then the ground must be spin, the ridge, and then sowing. It was even more troublesome, but the villagers felt that Tao Yong just wanted to be lazy on the ground. "Can the people in this place work hard, can it be able to produce food?"

When telling the villagers' straw coverage can increase the organic matter of the soil and make the soil thicker, etc., Tao Yong calculated the long -term account: "It may not be possible to see the effect in that year, but after three or five years, the organic matter of the soil increased. If it turns dark and thicker, you can not be scratched by the wind. "But the villagers can't see any practical effects at the moment, and" This year is my plan, it is not necessarily whoever next year, or now I will get it first, first to get the profit. "". In this way, Tao Yong's promotion in the first year was so dim.

But Tao Yong believes in the power of time. In the second year, he started the coverage of cultivation and straw. This time, God gave him a "opportunity". By understanding the weather in advance, Tao Yong knew that he would have encountered spring cold this year. Because of the preparation in advance, "after the spring cold, the ground did not move at all, and the straw was put on the ground, so that the ground temperature can be slowly up, which can play a role in protecting the seedlings." In contrast, many villagers are afraid of encountering spring cold. In late April, they will be a good ridge and sow. When Xiaomiao comes out of four or five cm high, that is, at the beginning of May, Tao Yong began to use the exemption machine to be exempting machines. sowing. At this moment, the change began to sprout quietly.

"There are many Miao seven high and eight in the villagers, and some of the places have not even emerged. My land will be released all the seedlings after seven days. And later encountered spring cold, those areas are very different."

Facts are better than arguments. The effect of living in front of me finally made the villagers feel that "this kind of law is good."

Twists and turns

Protective farming has been promoted from the experimental field to the real field, and the change of each subversion habit is almost led by the whole body. The institutional mechanism and various practical problems encountered in the process are unavoidable challenges.

Faced with villagers like Zhu Shouping who rely on straw to warm up, Tao Yong sent the bud core to others for free. "Since others have handed the land to us to plant, burning firewood must be a problem. At least it requires a quotes, and people cannot spend money to buy wood. Since we have these buds, we have to score them."

The beautiful original intention and wishes do not necessarily reach the ending of all parties. Although Tao Yong is installed with a forklift at home, and also sent "goods" to come to the door, because the task is large, plus the factors such as "the fashion is not tight, the car is high and low". It will cause the number of rice cores to be divided into more and less. Not suffering from unevenness, villagers can argue about these trivial matters.

In order to allow the implementation of protective farming, Tao Yong had to be patient and explained in love: "It's all my farmers, so there is no need to be thick. Since it is free to send it for free For everyone, there is no need to have bad intentions, let everyone pick it up. "Except for subjectiveness, there is no need to do this, and the rice cores received by each family are more or less. of. Most of the cooperatives now use machine collection. In order to reduce the damage of seeds, they will try not to peel the bud leaves too cleanly. "These issues are clear, and the villagers' debate is slowly gone."

When promoting the full amount of straw, most of the local farmers breed corn are raised evenly, with a ridge of 60 cm. Due to the high planting density and no place to put straw, Tao Yong hopes to solve the problem of straw coverage by changing the ridge distance, and at the same time, it can also be high. "Because some of the villages are in a flat depression, this kind of land humidity is large. If the distance is too small and the planting density is large, the sunlight will be insufficient, and the plant temperature of the plant will not be enough."

The small ridge is also a simple concept of pursuing high yields. "Within the effective area, the more ridge heads, the more you grow, and the more foods you get, so the more the ridge is growing." Both have two sides, excessive planting density, which will also affect the ability of crops to absorb light, which will affect yield. And there is a local habit. For their own land, farmers' borders are very conscious, but they are not defined by how wide the ground, but to remember the boundaries of their own land. One is not good. " However, in Tao Yong's view, in order to achieve large -scale mechanical planting, the ridge distance must be standardized, and the ground must be broken and the scale must be formed.

Tao Yong asked Wang Guiman for help, and Wang Guiman found an expert again. After repeated experiments, the scientific research team changed the traditional planting method, and merged the two or three ridges into two lines. The row spacing was wide and narrow, and the corn was narrowed. Stalks have formed a "strip and farming" technology. All changes are not achieved overnight. Miaoquan is also "not idle." Even if the machine has matured, after years of launching in the market, there will still be villagers to find "theory", "there will be lawsuits every year." For example, the seeds and fertilizers are planted together, and the seeds are burned, so they come to ask for compensation. "But it is obviously not operated according to the manual. The seeds of the seeds are required, and it should be checked at any time when it is broadcast." Miao is helpless, but "the revolution must have this process."

The problem of high planting density has also caused Miaoquan. Because of the high planting density, the amount of straw is even larger. The operating principle of the exemption of seedlings is to cut the straw, and then the trenches and sowing. However, when there are too many straws, a series of problems such as stuck grass and incomplete cutting will have a series of problems, which will affect the sowing effect.

Miao Quan has received a lot of such complaints and thought a lot of tricks. The effect is not very good. "At that time, I didn't know that the straw was beaten a little bit. Later, the straw returning machine was introduced, and the straw was broken, and it was fine. The effect was very good."

In order to solve the problems in practice, the methods and quantities of straw returning to the field are constantly adjusted. A series of agricultural machinery equipment such as straw returns, bar farming machines, etc. are developed to ensure that the efficiency and effect of farming are not Affected.

Always remember, there will be reverberations

When the test field in Gaojiacun started, Wang Guiman thought: "I hope it will be effective after 10 years." Some people have a cavity: "It will be effective after 20 years."

Now more than ten years have passed, the water content of the test field has increased from 20 % to 40 %, reducing soil loss by 80 %, the organic matter content of 0 to 20 cm of the cultivated layer increased by nearly 13 %. 6 times the soil. The test field has become a high -yielded field for 4 consecutive years from the ordinary plot of "broken skin yellow".

Tao Yong calculated the account with the land of Xihezuzi Village: According to the previous method, the rotation was 600 yuan, and the labor cost of planting was 500-700 yuan, and it was 100 yuan over the place. 200 yuan for the second time. This is 1600 yuan. Feds of fertilizer are at least one ton, with an average price of 2000-3,000 yuan. Now you can use 200 pounds less and save two or three hundred dollars. It is normal for it to save more than 1,000 yuan from a land, "how much you save is to earn."

The work in Miao's hand is more and more fine. "The necessity of every component of the machine is getting clearer. The force of the bolt is tightened.

These three "stinky skins" will continue to ponder the protection of sexual cultivation. "This work has to be done to close his eyes that day, and his heart follows the magic." Tao Yong's cooperative, last year's 300 hectares of land became. New trial field. "This is an upgraded version of the Pear Tree model." Wang Guiman said that it is to carry out in -depth cooperation with large state -owned enterprises. Focusing on new types of business entities such as farmers' professional cooperatives, family farms, etc., with 300 hectares of land, Getting in agricultural procurement, agricultural machinery operations, personnel allocation, and funds to maximize. The benefits of cooperatives have improved, and the closely connected ordinary farmers can also increase income, and the scale and specifications of protective farming will be further improved.

Although their original intentions have not changed, the environment in which they are in the past have long been different, and the protection of black land has long changed from grassroots to national will. The Central Document No. 1 in 2021 increased the protection of black land to national engineering. In July of that year, seven departments including the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs jointly issued the "Implementation Plan for the National Black Land Protection Project (2021-2025)", which clarified the tasks and goals of the black land protection and utilization during the "14th Five -Year Plan" period. The Black Land Protection Law of the People's Republic of China has also been implemented on August 1 this year.

"I have done my life, and the protection of black land has never been mentioned so high." From the original perceptual recognition, the mission engraved in the bones today, they feel that "this life can be done in this matter, it is worth it!"

Original title: Only the black soil of the hometown

Edit: Zhou Zhou

Source: Farmers Daily

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