Two British warships witness China's humiliation and rise

This year is the 180th anniversary of the signing of the Sino -British "Nanjing Treaty" in modern Chinese history. The Chinese and British "Nanjing Treaty" destroyed China's territorial integrity and tariff sovereignty, and reduced China to a semi -colonial and semi -feudal society. This is the beginning of the Chinese nation that has been affected by foreign aggression and oppression since modern times. The history of suffering did not end until the founding of New China in 1949.

Most of the foreign aggression army comes from sea. Warships are their main aggression weapons. Among them, two warships in the UK have witnessed China's humiliation and China's rise, and can be used as the beginning and historical coordinates of China's centennial humiliation. The two British warships, a cruiser called "Cormwallis", is called "Amer".

British "Corwain" cruiser

"Corwain" signing treaty

Centennial national shame starts from here

From the second half of the 18th century to the 1930s and 1940s, Britain completed the industrial revolution. The large machinery industry replaces the craftsmanship of the workshop, industrial products have risen sharply, and the raw materials bases are narrow, prompting these countries to vigorously expand their colonies in order to find new resources and product sales space. In Asia, in 1816, Britain completely ruled India and occupied Singapore in 1824. In order to open up the Chinese market and reverse the problem of trade deficit between China and Britain, the British government was sold to China by planting and producing opium smuggling in India, obtaining high profits and a large amount of silver. Emperor Daoguang used Lin Zexu to implement a series of smoking ban operations such as Humen to sell smoke. The British government was unwilling. In June 1840, he sent the head of the Navy to the Navy's Governor and the commander of the Oriental Expedition Army to reach the Guangdong Sea and launched the first Opium War.

In front of the British who are interested, the corruption and incompetent Qing government cannot rely on the army that claims to fight against the enemy officials and their commanders, and it will not mobilize the people of the people to fight against foreign aggressors. The Opium War ended in China's failure. On August 29, 1942, the Sino -British "Nanjing Treaty" was signed on the British "Corwainry" warship on the Yangtze River in Nanjing.

Signing the Sino -British and British Nanjing Treaty on the British "Corwain"

The sail cruiser "Corwain" was the flagship of Major General William Balk Navy, commander of the British Invasion and Naval Fleet in the later period of the Opium War. It is the "revenge" cruiser of the British Navy. In March 1809, the "Corwain" started construction in the Parnad Deter Shipyard Indian, and was launched on January 16, 1812. The standard displacement of the "Corwain" is 1751 tons, double-layer deck, 176 feet long, 47.6 feet wide, 21 feet of water, 72-74 gate 12-18 pound guns, speed of about 8 knots, and more than 600 crew. After the ship was completed, the British Navy was included in the Indian fleet.

The "Corwain" warship was named after the British Navy's general Charles Corwa. Charles Corweli has participated in the British and French Seven-year War (1756-1763) and Trafala Garga (1805). While leading the United States War of Independence in Washington, he was ordered to lead the army to the United States in 1776 to suppress the United States and serve as vice -commander commanders who invaded the United States. On October 19, 1781, Corwainy led an 8,000 -British army to surrender to the U.S. military in Yorktin, USA. During Trafal's increase in naval battles, Corwalz led a fleet to adhere to the British waters, and cooperated with the British Navy's famous Nelson's fleet to defeat the French and Spain's joint fleet and achieved the victory of the naval battle. Corwain also served as the Governor of India and the Governor of Ireland, suppressed the resistance of the people of the two places, and was awarded by the United Kingdom. He died in December 1805. The "Corwain" is the warship named after the name of British colonialists who participated in the British anti -aggression war.

In June 1840, after the first Opium War broke out, the British Navy sent a large number of ships to form the invasive fleet to invade the coastal areas and islands in China. In the beginning, there were only 20 sail warships or steam ships and 28 transport ships. As the scale of war expands, the British Navy's Fleet has continued to increase. By the end of the war in August 1842, there were 25 British sailing warships, including 15 steam ships, 9 auxiliary ships, and about 60 transport ships, with a total of more than 100 ships.

On April 5, 1840, the "Corwain" received an order to prepare for the sign. On July 3rd, sailing from the United Kingdom and arrived in Singapore on November 16. In February 1842, the "Corwain" drove to the Chinese seas of China and officially joined the War of China. At that time, the captain was Colonel Richards. Soon, the "Corwain" replaced the "William Balk" flagship of the "William Balk", and successively invested in the operation of Zhenhai, Ningbo, Chapu, Wushan, Zhenjiang and other places. In addition to the 72 -gate gun bombarded the national coastal aircraft and towns, the Marine Corps was also sent to form a land -colliders to participate in the landing battle. More than 10 officers and soldiers were killed and injured in the battle.

Starting from August 4, 1842, a huge fleet consisting of 70 British warships drove to the Nanjing Grass Shoes Gorge, headed by the "Corwainry". The British army sent thousands of soldiers to land on the shore, advanced to the nearby Maiyao Bridge, and set up the field guns in Nanjing City.

Under the threat of the British navy, especially the British army cut off the Grand Canal transportation line that the Central Government of the Qing Dynasty, was cut off. It accepted a stop war between the country and humiliated the country. On August 29, 1842, on the "Corwainry", Qing government officials, Yingying, Irib, and British representatives, Pu Dingzha, officially signed the "Nanjing Treaty" in China and Britain. This is the first unequal treaty signed in the foreign warships of foreign aggression in modern Chinese. After the "Corwain" completed its sinful mission, he left the Nanjing River on October 1. The warship disintegrated in 1875 and ended it for more than 60 years to serve the British colonial expansion policy. So far, the ship's model is still kept in the British National Navigation Museum.

British "Purple quartz" frigate

"Purple Sali" Shengbaiqi

Chinese people stand up

Britain opened an extremely harsh head. After seeing the privileges and profits from the Qing government from the Qing government, the Geelyli was like a group of hungry wolves to divide the sovereignty and wealth of China.

In 1949, a British naval warship also ignored the announcement of the Chinese People's Liberation Army to cross the river. It broke into the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and ignored the People's Liberation Army's warnings and blatantly shells the PLA position. However, at this time, they were not facing China a century ago, and their opponents were no longer the eight flags and green camps in the late Qing Dynasty. Rebate it is the solemn fire of the People's Liberation Army. For the first time, the "Never Fall" the Imperial Navy taught the strong forces of the Chinese people.

The Crossing River Campaign was a large -scale crossing the river by the People's Liberation Army. Faced with the Kuomintang's land, sea, and empty -standing river defense system, it is expected that they may also encounter interference in the United States and Britain. And our army is mainly infantry and some artillery and engineers. Without the support of the sea and the air force, the difficulties are very difficult. Prior to the Battle of the River, the PLA had announced to foreign warships, asking all foreign warships to evacuate the Yangtze River waters before April 20. But the "Purple quartz" is about to break in.

"Purple" is an improved type of the British Navy's "Black Swan" frigate. This type made 17 ships, between 1942 and 1945. The ship was completed in 1943. The standard displacement of the warship was 1350 tons, the captain was 91.3 meters, the width was 11.7 meters, and the water was 2.7 meters. Warship host power is 4,300 horsepower, with a maximum speed of 30 knots. Equipped with 3 main guns of 102 mm dual -combined guns, 2 40 mm dual -connected auxiliary guns, and 1 20mm machine cannon.

The mission of the "Purple Smart" is mainly to escort the British transport ships on the Atlantic Ocean to defend the German submarine attack. In April 1949, when the ship was maintained and maintained at the Hong Kong shipyard, he suddenly received an order and then went north. On April 15, the warship entered the Yangtze River entrance and moored in Shanghai. On the 18th, he received instructions in Nanjing. At 8 am the next day, the "Purple quartz" was launched from Shanghai and went to Nanjing to change defense with the "Partner". 8 hours later, the warship arrived in Jiangyin.

At 5:30 in the morning on April 20, the warship of the "Purple Sali" settled from Jiangyin. At 8 o'clock, the warship drove near Yong'anzhou.

At this time, the No. 6 regiment of the PLA's Third Field Special Forces Artillery of the PLA's Third Field Army of the PLA in the first line of the Liugui to Jiehe in Taizhou discovered the British ship and immediately issued a warning. The "Purple Sali" quickly left the scope of the 6th regiment. The first regiments of the Artillery of the 6th Regiment of the Artillery subsequently discovered the British ship and warned it at around 8:30. But the British ship ignored and continued. At around 9:30, when the "Purple quartz" came to Sanjiang Camp 20 kilometers southeast of Yangzhou, the No. 3 and 7 consecutive artillery regiments of the artillery were officially shot against the British ship. There are 3 Japanese -style 105mm howitzers, and 3 Japanese -style 75mm field guns. "Purple" fired crazy at the PLA's artillery position with a gun. The People's Liberation Army covered the British ship with violent and accurate artillery fire. Its commander and turret repeatedly hit the bomb, and the crew was severely injured. The warship's manipulation equipment was damaged after being hit, and the manipulation was failed. The warship was stranded near the sandbar near Yangzhong County, becoming a "dead target". In desperation, the British ship used a white table to replace the white flag to raise the mast.

The Captain Skinina, the Captain "Purple and Sali", was seriously injured and died. Another 16 British ship officers and soldiers were killed. Captain Ten Captain Willison and other 20 people were injured. After the British Navy's attempt to rescue the "Purple quartz" operation with force, it was forced to contact the PLA on April 26. On July 25, the typhoon landed on the southeast coast of China, and the water level of the Yangtze River rose sharply. At 21:00 on the 30th, the "Purple quartz" used this opportunity to go down together to rely on the "Jiangling Liberation" from Wuhan to Shanghai. The shields trying to use the Chinese folk passenger wheels, resulting in sinking the passenger wheels, dozens of people, injuries and disappearances. This is another blood debt that the British Navy owes the Chinese.

In the early morning of July 31, the "Purple Smart" escaped from the Yangtze River mouth from the northern channel of Chongming Island to avoid the artillery fire of the Wusongkou PLA. At 5 o'clock, at the sea outside the Yangtze River, the "Harmony" of the British ship who came to respond to the last 101 days of being trapped.

On August 14, the "Purple quartz" arrived in Hong Kong and then entered the factory for basic repair. In November, he returned to the UK for overhaul.

In July 1950, the "Purple quartz" returned to Asia and participated in the war that invaded North Korea. Back to Britain in July 1952. In January 1957, the "Purple quartz" was ordered to remove the status and disintegrate after a short time, ending 14 years of sea career. The British "Purple quartz" after being injured

Deputy Commander of the British Navy Far East Fleet rescue

Be shelling

After the PLA shelling the "Purple quartz", the "Partner" stationed in Nanjing was ordered to rescue and was warned by the Third Regiment of the PLA artillery. The "Partner" cunningly used the shooting dead corner of the PLA artillery fire to fiercely shells at the 7th company of the 3rd regiment of the PLA artillery, causing 7 consecutive fields and two fields to be damaged, and several people were casualties. The 37mm warfare guns in the nearby PLA Artillery 3rd Regiment and the 8th Corps of the Artillery Corps opened a fire to the "Partner" together. The dense artillery fire hit the British ship many times. Captain Robertson was forced to abandon the rescue of the "Purple quartz" attempt. When he fled to Yong'anzhou, he was attacked by 12 grenades in the 1st Battalion of the PLA Artillery 1 Battalion. The "Partner" fled accelerated. Statistics afterwards, the boards and turrets were hit, 10 officers and soldiers were killed, and more than 10 captains were injured.

After the British Far East Fleet deputy commander Mendeng, the report of the "Purple Smart" was damaged, led the "London" and "Black Swan" from Shanghai on the afternoon of the 20th and hugged Jiangyin in the evening. At 8 am on the 21st, it was anchoring to the Qixi River. The office was the 23rd army crossing the river area. It was close to the departure time. The British ship did not respond to the PLA warning. At about 10:30, the PLA Artillery Sixth Regiment's 3rd consecutive Artillery Liang Xuelu first drove the British ship, and the British ship immediately hit. At the beginning of China and Britain's largest artillery war, the British ship sailed upwards. Half an hour later, the two British ships came to the Yangzhong Water and entered the No. 1 theater of the PLA Artillery Group 1. 2 consecutive launching 32 rounds of shells, hitting 7 rounds of British ships. Due to the lack of armor -piercing and extended quotes, the PLA failed to cause fatal injuries to the British ship. Although the British ship's artillery did not cause great losses to the PLA artillery, his shelling was caused by dozens of casualties such as Deng Ruobo, the head of the 202nd regiment of the PLA. In addition, the British ship's artillery shells fell in the north bank of the Yangtze River, killing many innocent Chinese villagers.

British "London" heavy cruiser

Due to the frequent shelling, the casualties of officers and soldiers on the ship increased. On the water about 30 kilometers from the "Purple quartz", Meiden felt desperate, and then called the "Purple quartz" to not go to rescue. As a result, the two British ships turned to the downstream to escape. The 105mm howitzer of the Artillery 1st Regiment greeted the two British ships that returned. Fire 40 rounds of shells and hit 20 rounds.

On the way back, the two British ships encountered multiple artillery groups along the PLA artillery group. Among them, the artillery company of the 6th regiment of the artillery, the 23rd Army's artillery regiment, and the divisions under the 23rd Army, a total of 8 artillery companies and more than 30 artillery strikes.

At 13:40, the two British ships escaped the range of the PLA artillery, and the artillery war ended. The "London" is large and is the key shelling target. A total of 24 holes were penetrated, 13 were killed, 14 were seriously injured, and dozens of people were injured, including Captain Captain Cartade, Colonel Gadler.

The "Black Swan" was less injured and 7 people were injured.

This time, the deputy commander of the fleet personally defeated, and the British side was forced to give up the plans of further action. This is the first time that the People's Liberation Army has confronted foreign warships, showing the powerful military power of the people's army.

Later, Chairman Mao Zedong met with Tao Yong, the commander of the 23rd Army (the commander of the East China Sea Fleet), said, "You are Tao Yong, who dare to fight the British warship!"

Go to the east of Dajiang, and do a hundred years of national shame.

The bloody storm of Jianghai has made the Chinese understand a truth: the only one that the invaders are superstitious are the sharp guns, just like wolf eating sheep does not require any reason. Only by establishing a strong force for coastal defense can we make the criminals bow their heads.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the army could not be hit, and they could only sign the city of the city. The PLA firefire shot the British ship's bruises, and the perilla is helpless to hang the white flag.

Gao Xiaoxing

(The author of this article is an expert in the History and Army History of the Navy of the Navy Command School of the Naval Command)

Source: Zi Niu News Micro Historical Records

Edit: Qin Xiaoyi

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