Wars with news: Why can the U.S. troops fight everywhere always put a new clothes of "justice"?

As the pillar of the US hegemony, the U.S. military that fights everywhere is very good at putting on the new clothes of "justice", finding out the reason for the war that stands at the high point of morality, and guides the public opinion to shape the US military into the incarnation of "justice". Overseas killing packaging is reasonable. The U.S. government calls the country's "soft power".

public opinion? Public opinion before and after the war of independence

When talking about the history of the United States independent, the protagonist of the topic must be Washington. But in fact, behind him, there is another force that is promoting the war of independence -Benjamin Franklin and his colleagues who have the right to speak media.

Before the outbreak of the American Independence War, Franklin had its own printing factory in Philadelphia, a newspaper entitled "Pennsylvania", and a "Poor Richard Yearbook", and even built a private library. With the status of celebrities and famous writers, Franklin was elected as Secretary of the Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Provincial Council and the Deputy Director of Philadelphia. He used this power to monopolize the sales of paper and ink.

On February 9, 1765, the British Parliament passed the "Stamp Tax Law". Stamp duty is an ancient tax. It was originally aimed at documents such as contracts such as contracts and loan vouchers in daily economic life. However, in order to open taxes, the British government requires all printed products in 13 colonies in North America to pay stamp duty, and even poker cards cannot be spared. The stamp duty made a lot of publishers such as Franklin, who had dinner, couldn't sit still.

As a representative of the publishing interest group, Franklin first jumped out to oppose the Stamp Tax Law. The Franklin and his colleagues, who had the tools of public opinion, used the newspaper in his hand to make a momentum. He shouted the slogan of "taxation to knowledge". For a time, the North American colonies showed a turbulent situation.

After the public opinion of the North American colonies was ignited, the British was violently corrupted in 1774. Five harsh laws were issued in 1774, collectively referred to as the "CoerCive Acts", and the colonists said the "Intolerable Acts". At the same time, Britain blocked the Port of Boston and sent the army ...

After the outbreak of the independence war, Thomas Panne published a 50 -page booklet- "Common Sense", which publicized the independence of the United States in the book. This booklet immediately caused a sensation. In the colonies with a population of only 2.5 million, more than 500,000 volumes were eventually sold. Panne's "Common Sense" is just a booklet, but the role of the war mobilization played against the previous army and successfully pushed the British army to the opposite of the American colonial people.

Reasons for the start: the prototype of the American public opinion war

First create public opinion, incite public opinion, and then start the war -the American power of the United States in the later generations evolved the public opinion war during the independent war into a must -have action for American wars.

In 1823, the United States, which was increasingly stronger, took advantage of the "Monroe Declaration", forcibly defined the Americas as the scope of the United States, and soon locked its eyes in Spain and its colonies, which have long been in the West Mountain, Cuba.

All news that was not conducive to Spain became an important theme of American newspapers at that time. The newspaper tycoon Hrst publicly acknowledged that he spent nearly one million US dollars to vigorously incite the people's dislike of Spain.

"New York News" (acquired by Herst in November 1895) reported a news that Cuban girl Clemencia Arango was expelled from the colonial authorities. On the back, the clothes were picked up by two colors of Spanish officials.

This news really caused a sensation, and successfully cultivated the tendency of the people to hate Spain and support the United States to participate in the war. It was proven afterwards that it was a female policeman who searched for girls at that time.

Another news is that the Spanish government sentenced a 17 -year -old girl Evangelina Cosio Y Cisneros for 20 years to imprisonment on the grounds that she attempted to seduce the Spanish Army Beliz, the commander of the Spanish Island in Cuban. However, she claimed that she was to protest the father and Cuban rebel leader Augustin Cosio who was about to be put into prison and had a dispute with Belitz. The New York News uses 375 columns and reported it. It shaped it into a medieval -style, the image of a girl courage to resist the rape of the wicked, and sent someone to rescue it to the United States. She became a celebrity, and even received the meeting of then US President Mcing.

With the "concentration camp" of the opponents detained on the Cuban Island, and the Spanish colonial government massacre progressive personnel, such as the headlines of American newspapers, have successfully formed the Taxita effect. Since then, no matter what policies of the Spanish government has implemented in Cuba, They all make the American people unacceptable.

On January 12, 1898, anti -government riots occurred in Havana, Cuba. The US government sent the main ship, "Maine", to protect the diaspora without notifying Spain and stop at Havana. At 21:40 on February 15, 1898, the "Maine" suddenly exploded. One -third of the hull on the front of the battleship was instantly blown up, and the remaining wreckage quickly sank into the bottom of the sea. Of the 355 crew members of the ship, 260 people died on the spot due to explosion or falling into the water, and 6 other people died of injuries. The news passed to Washington, and the US government immediately launched an investigation and gave an accident report on the self -ignition and explosion of the arms expert Philip Alger on the next day. Despite the report from the US Navy, it was quickly opposed by the US Navy's Deputy Minister of the Navy. It is particularly noteworthy that Roosevelt's wording is: "Mr. Alger couldn't know nothing about the accident. All the best people in the department agreed, whether it is possible, this ship may be bombed by mines." This paragraph. "This section The words seem to be very authoritative, but in fact, no opinion and factual evidence of any experts were cited, and the "Maine" was arbitrarily bombed by mines.

Perhaps, it is precisely the words that are difficult to convince the words of the Edor Roosevelt, and the American press quickly acts. The New York World News, they quickly sent a large number of reporters to Havana to conduct an on -site interview. Herster rewarded 50,000 US dollars, and it was necessary to take out behind the scenes that bombed the "Maine".

In the end, these reporters did not dig out any useful information, but the average news, theory and pictures of eight pages and a half daily pages were successfully pushed to the cusp of American public opinion. Pulitzer himself believes that no one will really believe that the Spaniards have planned the conspiracy to bomb the "Maine", but the Havana government fails to guarantee the safety of the main U.S. Navy ships to visit. The blame "betrayal and relaxation", so in order to "atonement", Spain should immediately give Cuba independence to comfort the US Navy officers and soldiers who are the same as the "Maine".

Pulitzer's statement is very influential. On April 20, the two houses of the United States Congress jointly resolved to support Cuba's independence and asked the Spanish withdrawal of related proposals. U.S. President immediately submitted to Spain to the ultimatum that must be satisfactory on April 23. In this way, an accident was said to be "conspiracy" by public opinion, and a conspiracy was distorted into "justice". A battle between the interests between the strengths of the strong was put on the coat of "eliminating the storm". Before the Spaniards made a decision, on April 22, the U.S. Navy had blocked the major ports of Cuba. In desperation, the Spaniards could only actively declare war on the United States on April 24. The disparity of the "US West War" kicked off.

The Western War that has continued for 4 months is called "the war of newspapers" or "the war of Herst". In the end, Spain recognized Cuba independence and was forced to cut Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. At the same time, the Spaniards still used The price of 20 million US dollars will transfer the sovereignty of the Philippine Islands to the United States. After this war, the United States officially walked out of the North American continent, began to extend his hands to the Atlantic and Pacific, and officially joined the club of imperialist powers.

Chip participating in the war: American public opinion war in World War I

However, at this time, although the United States was full of wings, it still did not dare to challenge the four major powers in the European powers -Britain, France, Germany and Tsarist Russia. Because of the boundaries of its ability, the United States has always maintained a cautious neutral attitude in the early days. Even in the 1916 election, the campaign slogan by the Democratic candidate Wilson was "he let us stay away from the war."

In the first World War, in 1917, Britain and France were injured with Germany. The February Revolution was buried in the Romanov dynasty. The United States suddenly realized that its opportunity came!

On February 1, 1917, the German Navy restarted the "Unlimited Submarine War" and sinking a number of American ships such as the "Illinois" tanker hanging with the American flag. Merman sent a telegram to the German ambassador to Mexico, claiming that the German government was trying to make Mexico declare war on the United States.

After these two news were reported, the United States made a place of war against Germany. On April 6, 1917, President Wilson officially declared war on behalf of the United States on behalf of the United States. In order to establish the image of the "justice" of the US military, Wilson explained the reason for the US military to participate in the war as "war -made war", that is, the US military participating in the battle was to save democracy in crisis in crisis. System in exchange for new world peace. Therefore, the reason why the United States is no longer "neutral" is not "robbery" but "maintaining peace".

However, it is obviously not a simple slogan that mobilizes the "meat grinders" that mobilize millions of young people into the European battlefield. Just one week after the German Propaganda war, the Wilson government established a specialized institution- "Community on Public Information (CPI), a core member of the Wilson campaign team, a senior reporter George Kerle, The main work is "actively improving news reporting business", but it is spared no effort to control news and public opinion.

Under the leadership of Creel, the "Public Information Committee" quickly expanded into a huge institution with 150,000 people, including lectures, advertising, movies and other departments. Among them, the lecture department recruited 75,000 experts to publicize the concept of Wilson. The advertising department of the "Public Intelligence Commission" sees advertisements on many magazines and newspapers, and packaged the United States into a move of justice in order to stimulate the enthusiasm of Americans' war, stimulate the subscription of war bonds and recruit recruits. During the World War I, the "Public Intelligence Commission" carried out unprecedented publicity activities in the history of the United States, exuding more than 100 million publicity materials, released more than 6,000 press releases, delivered 750,000 speeches to 300 million people, produced more than 20 more than 20 people, produced more than 20 people, and produced more than 20 people. Thousands of slides, the first to open the US "propaganda offensive". In addition to the "Public Intelligence Commission" government agencies, US private newspapers have also devoted themselves to this public opinion battle -the editor -in -chief of the Rodorviden Daily, Rasem, to continue to use various unknown " "Bcottic" intimidation of the American people. These articles are true and false, some of which are based on facts, most of the time are fabricated. But it is these sensational "news" that provoke the hearts of the American people and completely mobilize their emotions. It is necessary to believe that the enemy is evil, the United States is justice, and the sacrifice is necessary. The editor -in -chief Lasom created a "super detective" person and was addicted to it. He described the so -called information provided by the so -called liners as his bold reports and the reporters of the Provenis Daily. Once he also said that his team had cracked the German password and could read German diplomatic letters directly. During the war, Rassom dressed himself as a celebrity, and delivered a speech across the United States. The main purpose was to tout himself and the "Proveis Daily" in the process of promoting the United States to participate in the war. This is the first time that the United States has participated in a global war. Major media just need to find a hero. Lassom was selected by the media and won a lofty fame. Even the then President Woodro Wilson was quite interested in him.

The "Public Intelligence Commission" has also continuously tried to use festivals and emerging film media for war propaganda. Shortly after the U.S. military joined the war, on June 14, 1917, the "Public Intelligence Commission" took advantage of the "National Flag Day" opportunity to depict a picture of the American soldier carrying the star flag on the battlefield and finally blood on the battlefield. In addition, the "Public Intelligence Commission" also funded a series of anti -German films such as "Emperor: The Beast of Berlin" and "Curse of Prussia". Affected by these films, many people in the United States have deeply disliked the Emperor William II, and even a pharmacy distributed the water to the public after burning the portrait of William II to celebrate. These war propaganda quickly faded out German immigrants. Some states and cities in the United States began to expel German residents, prohibit school professors from teaching German, and strictly prohibit German music.

Under the overwhelming publicity offensive of the "Public Intelligence Commission", the United States quickly formed an atmosphere of "political correctness" to support war. As long as the war is not supported, it means opposition, which is equivalent to cowardice and traitor. War supporters even burned some peaceful churches, splashed paint to peaceistists, beat German immigrants, and even gave some people who refused to buy war bonds to "weakly" and "sell the country".

The "Public Intelligence Commission" successfully drove the public through selective processing and the model of German ugliness, and devoted the public to the cruel World War I. In the previous war, the United States, under the tacit cooperation between the government's propaganda department and news agencies, carefully packaged, and even used falsely, with exquisite propaganda forms and ingenious design content to affect people's psychology. Power, in fact, trampled on justice and poisoning the creatures, and sowing the ghost of war.

Reference materials:

"American History (Six Volumes)" People's Publishing House, Liu Xuyi / Yang Shengmao, etc., in October 2002

"Pulitzer Biography" China Finance and Economic Publishing House, [Midea] Dennis Brya, December 2004

"History of the American War" Xinhua Press, [US] Paul﹒ Edwood, July 2013

"History and Culture History of the First World War", Cambridge University Press, British [US] Tim Don, in February 2021

(Source: National Human History)

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