Bo Wen 丨 Vocational Education can be so fragrant (1)

The director of the Institute of Vocational and Adult Education of Beijing Normal University and Professor Zhen said: "A country enters the middle of industrialization, the demand for technical talents in the economy will increase sharply, and the value of vocational education will be widely recognized ... vocational education is irreplaceable The role of this irreplaceableness is two -way: not only to meet the needs of society for professional skills talents, but also enrich the choice of individuals. "

Can only be called "talent" by admission to famous universities? If you look back at the knowledge you learned in high school and college, you will find that these knowledge focuses on theory. The ultimate goal of ordinary higher education is to cultivate academic talents and scientific research talents. But must admit that not everyone is suitable for academic roads. As the so -called "360 lines, the champion is out", some people like to study theory, and some people love the actual operation, but whether it is moving the brain or the hands -on, it is a talent for social development.

This year, the number of Chinese university graduates exceeded the tens of millions for the first time, reaching 10.76 million, and hit a record high, while the source of vocational education still faces obvious gaps -according to the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, and Industry of Industry The "Guide to Manufacturing Talent Development Planning" jointly released by the Ministry of Information Technology at the end of last year will be 29.857 million in the 10 key areas of my country's manufacturing industry by 2025.

Manufacturing is the main body of the modern industrial system, while technical talents are the key to the transformation and upgrading of my country's manufacturing industry and improving international competitiveness. The importance and urgency of vocational education are becoming more and more prominent, and society is increasingly required for talents who need vocational education.

What is vocational education?

Many parents have always misunderstood vocational education. The reason is because most people do not know what vocational education is.

Vocational education is also called "vocational and technical education", which refers to an educational activity carried out in order to obtain some vocational skills or professional knowledge, form a good professional ethics, and thus meet the needs of certain social production and labor. In short, vocational education is a specialized technical training for a specific work. Compared with ordinary education, vocational education has the characteristics of biased skills and strong hands -on ability. Vocational education is an important part of the national education system and human resources development. It shoulders an important responsibility of cultivating diverse talents, inheriting technical skills, and promoting employment and entrepreneurship.

Vocational education includes vocational school education and vocational training. Vocational school education is an educational education, which is divided into secondary and higher vocational school education. Vocational training is non -academic education, including pre -industry training, apprenticeship training, on -the -job training, re -employment training, etc.

Unlike most people's views, vocational education is not a "distribution center" of poor students, but as a blood supply machine. By cultivating students' professional and technical capabilities, high -quality professional talents are continuously transported to manufacturing and service industries. The country's economic development provides important talent support. This can obtain sufficient examples through observation of vocational education in Germany, Switzerland and Japan.

Germany:

After graduating from the vocational education, he graduated from the same table after work

In Germany, whether it is baked bread, car repair, or as an electrician, weaving clothing or building road construction, it requires the completion of standards, formal and comprehensive vocational education - The "delegation". For a long time, a sound and high -level vocational education is the foundation of the highly developed manufacturing industry in Germany and the driving force for economic and innovative capabilities.

Germany's vocational education system is very mature. According to statistics, there are 426 vocational education directions in Germany. No matter what industry a young man wants to engage in, he can almost find suitable vocational education subjects. In Germany, people who receive vocational education and those who receive ordinary undergraduate education are a normal thing to drink coffee on the same table after work. The success of German vocational education has caused many countries to follow suit. So, what is the key to success?

The "dual system" is the main model of German secondary vocational education. According to different professional nature, the academic system ranges from 2 to 4 years. The so -called "dual system" means that while students conduct theoretical learning in the school, they will receive practical skills training in the enterprise. In short, students can go to work as apprentices while studying at the same time.

Students who receive the "dual -system" vocational education are generally after obtaining the graduation certificate in the main middle school (equivalent to the junior high school in our country), and choose a company or through the professional introduction center of the labor department. The training contract is obtained after getting the training position and then registered with the relevant vocational schools to obtain the theoretical learning qualification. Since then, students have two identity attributes: students and apprentices.

The core of the "dual system" is school -enterprise cooperation. The professional skills training of enterprises is the key to dual -system education. There are three different types of junior high schools in Germany, but no matter what kind of middle school graduated from, as long as students are willing to and have companies willing to receive, they can choose "dual -system" vocational education.

In the "dual system" system, practice has always ranked first. Students have two learning places -schools and enterprises. One-day and five days, the students would learn theoretical knowledge in school for 1-2 days, and then use 3-4 days to go to enterprise practice to learn professional skills. There are also two categories of vocational education teachers: theoretical class teachers and training teachers.

Germany stipulates that teachers of vocational school theoretical courses require at least a master's degree to graduate. After graduation, they must be trained by the teachers' college. Then they need at least 10 months of corporate practical experience to participate in the teacher qualification examination and become a theoretical teacher; for training training; for training Teachers' requirements are higher. Training teachers need to receive three and a half years of vocational education first, have more than one year of practical experience in the enterprise, and obtain the corresponding certificate after training by the master's school or training teacher to teach. The dominant role in the vocational education system is an enterprise rather than a school: who wants to, what to learn, how to learn, and how to examine. Vocational education funds are jointly borne by the government and enterprises, and enterprises bear the "big head". Companies not only bear all the costs of student training, but also give students a certain amount of labor remuneration and subsidies. Under the promotion of the "dual system", enterprises can have a considerable number and excellent talent reserve team. Students can also have a stable job after graduation to maximize the close combination of vocational education and corporate needs. According to the law, all German companies can tend to educate with vocational schools. Every time a student is trained, the government will subsidize 4,000-6000 euros.

In this context, German companies are willing to participate in vocational education. The survey shows that nearly 500,000 companies in more than 2 million companies in Germany are co -organized by vocational education in joint vocational education, among which there are many world -renowned enterprises such as Siemens, doctors, BMW, and Porsche. Most vocational education students can stay after graduation. A longing company.

For young people, vocational education is not a "spare tire" for higher education, and it is not a helpless choice, but a future life goal. At a teenager, you can internship in world -renowned enterprises, master work skills and familiar with the operation of the workplace, make money while learning, and realize your own independent and independent life. Why not do it?

The vocational education system of the "dual system" has trained a large number of application and technical talents in Germany, and has contributed huge power to Germany's economic take -off.

Chengdu Daily Jinguan News reporter Wu Yating Editor He Qietie Intern Editor Lu Yarui

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