Bo Wen 丨 Vocational Education can be so fragrant (2)

Switzerland:

High flexibility provides unlimited possibilities for the career development of young people

Switzerland's vocational education has a long history and complete development, and has made contributions to the industry's industrial structure upgrades and economic development. In Switzerland, vocational education is not the destination of "post -life", but an important way to become the winner of life.

Due to the lack of domestic resources and no heavy industry, Switzerland can only rely on imported raw materials processing industries. The raw material processing industry has high requirements for the professional quality and technical level of workers. In 1884, Switzerland issued a bill stipulated that the federal government provided financial support for vocational training schools and other institutions; in 1930, Switzerland promulgated the first "Federal Vocational Education Law", and the "Federal Vocational Education Law" was revised again by 2004.

The Federal Vocational Education Law officially divides ordinary education and vocational education into two systems. It is the first country in Europe to propose the concept of higher vocational education at the legal level. Since then, vocational education training has become part of Swiss higher education. Students who choose vocational education can not only learn professional technology in practice, but also obtain corresponding senior professional diplomas.

The "dual -track system" is definitely the biggest highlight of Swiss vocational education. According to the "dual -track system", students can choose two ways in high school: entering academic ordinary high schools, or vocational training schools. According to relevant statistics from Switzerland, less than one -third of students after graduating from junior high school will choose to be promoted to ordinary liberal arts high schools, and the other two -thirds of students will choose to enter a vocational school or become apprentices.

Ms. Jia has settled in Switzerland for 15 years. One of her Swiss colleagues talked to her about her choosing a vocational school instead of ordinary high school: if he was a normal high school, he could only get an ordinary high Chinese diploma after graduation. To continue to college, she also needs to provide financial funding by her parents. After graduating from a vocational school, she not only has a diploma with income, but also has her own occupation, so that she can employment and independence immediately.

Swiss occupations are very detailed, and various industries have corresponding vocational training, and even butchers have special vocational education courses. In order to better let students understand what they like and suitable, after the fifth grade of elementary school, the school will conduct career guidance based on the students' hobbies and the field of expertise.

For example, students will receive a report about the three main disciplines -German, mathematics, and French academic ability assessment reports. According to the report, the school will divide students into "liberal arts classes" that adapt to academic directions, and suitable for vocational education direction. The "practical class". In grades 7-8, in addition to daily study, students also have to participate in various occupational options, including vocational guidance courses, professional expo, visiting professional professional competitions, visits to various types of enterprises, etc. Know your favorite career direction. For the Swiss, vocational education is not forced to choose after being eliminated in academics.

In fact, many government officials and corporate executives have vocational education experience. The just -left Swiss Consul General of Chengdu, Ms. Conny Camenzind, has been a bank apprentice for three years at the beginning of his career. "From the apprenticeship to the Consul General, vocational education is a good starting point, laying a solid foundation for my later work ... This is the advantage of Swiss vocational education." Gao Kailin said.

Swiss vocational education is divided into two types: apprenticeship and school system. The apprenticeship system is a parallel apprentice education model. Students can apply to the enterprise to apply for specific apprenticeship positions according to their favorite career direction in the 8-9th grade. The successful apprentices who apply for a successful apprentice generally have three days of learning related skills in the enterprise for 3 days. The remaining two days will study the basic disciplines of the school, including German, mathematics, French, etc.

The vocational education of the school is generally chosen a career direction before the students attending vocational schools. After studying the basic subjects and related professional theoretical knowledge for one year, they then apply for intern positions to relevant companies. The first half of the work is two years.

Many people may have a question: Let a 15 -year -old boy choose the career direction of the future life. Do they really know what they like and what they are suitable for?

This problem is basically not a problem in Switzerland, because the students there can be guided and helped through various channels: they can consult the occupation consulting department where their state is located for free, and can participate in the trial training of the apprentice enterprise to understand this profession. The content and environment ... and at this time, the diversion does not mean "15 years old". In the future life, these young people will always have the right to choose. University and Higher Application Science and Technology University of Science and Technology.

It can be said that the high flexibility of Swiss vocational education has created unlimited possibilities for young people's future career development.

Japan:

Vocational education is more valued by enterprises

Japan has always been respected by "craftsmen" (Japanese "" staff ", referring to those who are proficient in professional technology). Against such a social background, Japan has become one of the most developed vocational education in the world.

The perfect vocational education system has cultivated a large number of high -skilled talents, which also greatly helps Japan's industrial construction and economic development. According to the survey data of the "Dream Career" of the sixth grade students in the primary school, it has become the third place in the dreamer of the boy and the staff. "Teacher" belongs to the technical staff. In order to ensure the long -term operation of vocational education, Japan has established a relatively complete legal system. Since the late 1940s, the Japanese government has successively promulgated the Basic Education Law, "Private School Law" and "School Education Law", etc., stipulating to set up vocational education courses during the compulsory education stage, and establish different natures such as national, public and private and other natures. Specialized vocational education institution.

At present, Japan's vocational education schools can be divided into specialized schools (special courses), high specialized schools, short -term universities, specialized universities, and specialized universities in accordance with the level of academic qualifications. Among them, a specialized university belongs to the undergraduate level in vocational education. According to a report published by the Ministry of Liberalty Ministry of Arts in 2020 on the employment of various graduates in Japan, the inauguration rate of high -ranking Japanese high -level schools reached 100%, and the short -term universities were 96.3%, which were higher than the inauguration rate of ordinary national public universities in Japan.

There is not much income gap between Japanese vocational schools and ordinary universities. According to data released by the Ministry of Health and Labor in 2019, the average annual income of fresh graduates graduated from ordinary universities is 2.102 million yen (about 120,000 yuan), and college graduates can reach 1.839 million yen (about RMB 103,000 yuan); data released by the well -known Japanese company Nintendo's official website shows that the monthly salary of fresh graduates of ordinary universities entered Nintendo is 233,000 yen (about 13087 yuan), and the graduates of specialized schools are 21,500 yen (about 11,879 yuan for RMB 11,879 To.

In some specific technical fields, graduates of vocational schools will be more "food", especially graduates in vocational schools in the fields of animation and fashion design have very strong market competitiveness. In addition, in order to improve the social status of vocational education, the Ministry of Culture provinces award the title of "specialized scholar" to specialized school graduates, which is equivalent to the students 'degree degrees, and gives equal treatment in terms of students' continuing further studies and applying for national civil servants.

Japanese society has also implemented lifelong learning. The country and localities have set up institutions such as the Lifetime Vocational Capability Development Center. Through public lectures and other forms, people of all ages are encouraged to conduct lifelong career learning. Each year, a large number of enterprise employees choose to "return the furnace to rebuild" , Actively participate in vocational training and continue to study professional technology.

In Japan, students who receive vocational education can also have a high -paying and noble social status after graduation. This is why the Japanese test is under great pressure, but few parents are anxious. Over the years, Japan has emerged in various industries, which is closely related to the development of vocational education. The mature vocational education system has continuously transported high -quality technical talents for enterprises, and promoted the flying of Japanese manufacturing and high -tech industries.

Reporter's note

In 2015, my country promulgated the "Made in China 2025" action program, proposed a strategic goal of building a manufacturing power, and also given a new mission of vocational education in my country. In this context, vocational education must actively respond to the demand for manufacturing transformation and upgrading.

Undoubtedly, high -quality professional talents are the source of industrial development. When a talent team with a high degree of professionalism is formed, the manufacturing, service industry and other industries can break through the bottleneck and sing all the way. The experience of Germany, Switzerland and Japan proves that vocational education provides considerable high -quality talents and provides a steady stream of innovative vitality for industrial development. Vocational education is not the bottom of ordinary education, but the inevitable requirement of the division of labor and industrial development in modern society, and future development prospects are not limited.

Professor Xu Guoqing of East China Normal University believes that using high -end manufacturing as the pillar industry is the national development goal and the mission of the times. In this case, it is necessary to use vocational education as a means to strengthen the plan and guidance of professional settings and professional selection; my country's vocational education should follow the changes in the times, seek better talent training model, and cultivate more adaptation to the needs of the times. At the same time, high -level technical talents who understand theory and practical skills, let more people benefit from vocational education, and make more people feel the broad prospects of vocational education.

Chengdu Daily Jinguan News reporter Wu Yating Editor He Qietie Intern Editor Lu Yarui

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