Marx's criticism of bourgeoisie

By exploring the connection and differences between the form of capitalist society and as the basic production relationship, Marx scientifically revealed the way the bourgeois ideology was generated in the daily life of the capitalist society, and then the ideological issues were revealed as the exposure Perspective window of the puppet -level hypocrisy. The profound thoughts and insights of Marx's criticism of bourgeois ideology have become an important source of inspiration in the face of real society when they face real society.

Class attributes in ideology

From 1848 to 1849, a storm of a bourgeois democratic revolution swept the entire European continent, making the status of ideological issues highlighted at the level of real class struggle. The influence of ideological fantasy has become one of the main reasons for the failure of the revolution. In "Louis Bosaba's Fog Moon on the 18th", Marx conducted a thorough analysis of the essence of the two major bourgeois groups of real estate and financial capital linked to the Bourbon dynasty and the July dynasty. The separation of each other is due to two different types of ownership forms, and then pointed out that "in different ownership forms, in the social conditions of survival, the entire upper -level building composed of different emotions, fantasy, ideological methods and world views." This shows that ideology is not general thoughts or concepts, nor is it not just different emotions, fantasy or traditional belief systems, but an organic part of people's practical activities of creating history. It is an important symbol of the status of historical subjects. Here, Marx, just like in the "Ethics of German", positions ideology at the spiritual and cultural level of society, and is the upper building of the social structure.

Marx always believes that the production method of material life plays a fundamental restricting role in the entire society, political life, and spiritual life. The characteristic of human material activities is that the use of labor tools to achieve the real grasp of objects, and the characteristics of human spiritual activities are reflected in the use of language symbols to achieve the conceptuality of the object. The separation between mental labor and material labor or mental work and physical labor means the emergence of class oppression and class opposition. The ideological form of ideology as the main body creates historical activities is only based on the separation of mental labor and material labor. The material form of the main activity determines the ideological form of the subject activity. The ideology and class confrontation are tightly entangled, and there is no ideology that transcends class relationships in class society. In the "Communist Declaration", Marx Engels pointed out that social consciousness evolved in a certain form of consciousness, and these conscious forms in class society are replaced and disappeared with the opposition and disappearance of different class. As a product of the spiritual production of a certain period of social history, ideology is essentially the idea of ​​ruling class, and the idea of ​​dominating the dominant status is just a manifestation of the material relationship that dominates the status. The bourgeois "concept itself is the product of the production relationship and ownership relationship of the bourgeoisie", and it is the embodiment of the bourgeois will determined by the bourgeois material living conditions. Therefore, as the general general of class social consciousness, ideology can integrate the interests of different classes of society and safeguard the fundamental interests of the ruling class. All struggles in the ideological field in history are actually more or less obvious performances of class struggles in various society.

Evolution of bourgeois ideology

The formation of bourgeois ideology depends on the objective development conditions of the bourgeois revolution, and the preparation and ideological guidance of the public opinion of the bourgeois revolution. In the process of reflecting and demonstrating the objective historical inevitable process of reflecting and demonstrating anti -feudal social change, the explanation of the bourgeoisie's unique and essentially selfish and narrow -minded expression is the general interest of the whole society, so assets Class ideas have fantasy characteristics at the beginning, that is, reflect objective reality in an illusory form. However, at the initial stage, the bourgeoisie, as a revolutionary and progressive class, has a large extent with the interests of the entire third level and general historical progress. Content. At the same time, in the revolutionary revolution from feudalism to capitalism, the ideological fantasy of the bourgeoisie has indeed produced a huge and extensive role of mobilization and inspiring the masses. The narrow content of the bourgeoisie of his own struggle is to keep your enthusiasm that must be deceived at the height of the great historical tragedy. " In order to blur the class essence and real content of the realistic struggle, the bourgeoisie must find a spiritual pillar from the historical tradition, so that the bourgeois ideology has mask characteristics, that is, conceal the real claims in traditional language. Although the use of traditional languages ​​and images has been selected according to the needs of the current era, and new content is transformed at the same time, it is itself to guide people to "look back." The above characteristics of the bourgeois ideology also reflect the contradictions of the bourgeois revolution: in order to eliminate the powerful feudal forces, it is necessary to face reality to create the future; in order to cover the narrow interests of the class, it is necessary to escape the reality.

As the bourgeoisie reactionary from the revolution in politics, its ideological fantasies will inevitably be transformed from the original revolutionary ideological motivation to the pure defense consciousness that maintains the existing possession and political order. Accompanied by the internal opposition and conflict of the bourgeois society is that the interests of the bourgeoisie and the trend of social progress are increasingly deviated. The value of the knowledge and the value of the subjective will in the bourgeois ideology is difficult to unify. As a result, the ideology of ideology is increasingly rejected scientific knowledge, and the increasingly transforming self -beautification to the mask of intensifying class confrontation. With the changes in historical conditions, the struggle of the liberation of the proletariat puts on the process of historical development, and the nature of the bourgeois ideology has undergone fundamental changes. On the one hand, even the fantasy of the same content is no longer a reflection of the real process of history. The theory is seriously disconnected with the practice of practice, ideal and reality; The doctrine turned to socialism, so the bourgeoisie had to abandon the democratic essence in its ideology, turned to oppose the ideal and slogans it proposed, and blamed it as "socialism" as "liberalism" as "socialism". Essence "The various weapons it forged to oppose the feudal system are upside down towards itself," which means that the bourgeois ideology has become a false concept system that beautifies backwardness and reactionary things and cover the real social relationship between bourgeois society. Daily life criticism of capitalism

Marx understands the bourgeois ideology as an organic component of real life, sets up the horizon of philosophy from the real economic life, and from the combination of economics and philosophy to the depths of history. However, the real life world that Marx is going back is not a daily life field without historical differences, but a historical world of historical life, that is, capitalist society. Marx not only pointed out the illusion of bourgeois ideology, but also to reveal the production process of the entire capitalist social ideology, and to criticize ideological criticism based on the overall criticism of the capitalist society.

The capitalist world is essentially the world of "materialization" of human social labor, and the most obvious characteristic of bourgeois ideology is to cover people's relationship with the relationship between things. If it is said that Hegel is committed to combining ideological concepts with the alienation concept of spiritual development to reveal "the movement of the spiritual history as a real history", then Marx is committed to taking the concept of ideology and real life. The phenomenon of materialization is combined to reveal the development of human history determined by material living conditions. Marx believes that the phenomenon of general materialization is "the relationship between religion in the ideological field, which is exactly the same relationship, that is, to reverse the subject into the object and the situation in turn." process". In the bourgeois society, the concentrated expression of the general materialization phenomenon is to worship the concept of worship. Marx believes that the criticism of worship is the criticism of the bourgeois ideology, which aims to expose the relationship between the relationship between human subjects unique to capitalist society and capital forces, and subvert the mysterious and eternalization of this historical phenomenon Ideological attempt. Marx's criticism of worship education profoundly revealed the essence of freedom and equality in the core content of bourgeois ideology. Marx believes that the exchanging relationship in the field of circulation is indeed the dominant relationship of daily life of capitalism, and the social life and all ideology of capitalism are based on this relationship. Of course, the freedom and equality of the innocence of talent human rights are compared to the autocratic society in the past, reflecting a real historical progress. However, behind this movement that occurs on the surface of the bourgeois world, in the actual production field, the so -called "freedom" and "equality" is just the freedom of exploitation and the autocracy of capital, and the "ownership" is exactly the labor of workers' labor. Occupible possession, theft of social civilization and life. The freedom and equality of the bourgeoisie talked about is just formal freedom and equality. Marx pointed out that "as a purely concept, equality and freedom are just an idealistic expression of exchange value." What the bourgeois ideology and its performance in the upper -level buildings of laws and politics reflected that it is just the appearance in the field of circulation. It is this appearance covering the inherent exploitation and inequality in the production field.

All in all, in the criticism of the ideological ideology of the bourgeoisie, Marx attributed everything in the production method of the capitalist society and commodity, emphasizing that the relationship between people's relationships and mysteriously, and in the capitalist society of the capitalist society It has caused a universal hallucination in daily life, that is, this universal materialization phenomenon is understood as a natural eternal, and "it is easier to make such mistakes from an ideological perspective." Only by breaking the hallucinations caused by the bourgeois ideology and revealing the relationship between the real people from the universal relationship, can the proletariat recognize the nature of the capitalist social relationship and their own actual conditions, so that Change this relationship and condition in practice.

(Author unit: Shandong University School of Marxism)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Duan Guangpeng

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