Reading | Interpretation of Life: The relationship between "living" and "human" and "humans"

"Handbook of Life"

[Fa] Dijie Fasang

Published by East China Normal University Press

This book is a series of speeches on life ethics in Frankfurt on Frankfurt's ethics of life. At the moment when social inequality phenomena are becoming more and more serious, Professor Dege Fusan discusses the issue of human life value and reviews and reflect on life ethics. This book has a research on the three continents, and has a critical dialogue with Witgen Stan, Benjamin and Foucault. Based on the keen philosophical insight and vivid anthropological details, it is based on the material, experience, life, and life. Thinking of life in the form of dual expression reveals the moral process involved in our lives, thereby reconcile the methods of naturalism and humanism.

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When we are discussing our lives, what are we discussing?

But when we talk about life, do we really know what we are talking about? Because of this uncertainty, we need to first consider the meaning of the word itself.

"Life, a vocabulary that can't be familiar with. If you ask what it means, it may make people feel that it is a provocation," John Locke wrote. He talked about his words, "However, if we ask: Is there a life of a plant? Is there a life of an egg that has not developed? Is it alive? It can be seen that there is no clear, stable and clear meaning to be attached to such common words in life. " For Locke, the first problem is to determine the boundaries of life: ambiguous from the sources of seeds or eggs, and today there is still debate on self -term termination of pregnancy; It is also difficult to define, such as the controversy of brain death recognition. However, we can understand the problems brought about by trying to define life from another level, that is, the polyness of the word itself. It also represents the following meanings: a characteristic of all organisms; a series of biological phenomena; the time period from life to death, and all events during this period? And it is sent out as synonymous words and metaphors. Various usages, such as the "life" of great men or the "career" of things. In all these usages, do we say the same life? Is a person's life and the sum of the life of all cells of his / her body. Is it the fact that the same scale is the same scale? In all these usages, do we say the same life? Is a person's life and the sum of the life of all cells of his / her body. Is it the fact that the same scale is the same scale?

Of course, in daily life, our language will not entangle in these complex situations. Although its usage has many faces, such as "Life Sciences", "Life Expectance", "Life in the Country", or "Life of Ideas", everyone You can understand what you are talking about. And philosophers are not like this. They seem to be unable to try to consider how the "life" in the field of view of biologists connects with the "career" of the novelist.

Georges Canguilhem explained this problem very clearly: "Even today, maybe we still cannot surpass this initial idea: any described in the historical span between birth and death, the experience level of experience The scattered information can be said to be alive and constitute the object of biological knowledge. "This seemingly simple definition, in fact, combines several heterogeneous elements to produce the tension of semantics. Knowledge and experience, biology, and history: Perhaps this is the most important duality within life. This seemingly simple definition is actually combined with several heterogeneous elements to produce the tension of semantics. Knowledge and experience, biology, and history: Perhaps this is the most important duality within life. Hannah Alren also pointed out in "The Life of Man": "As far as people are driven by biological life, it always follows the natural circulation movement as other creatures; The end limit, that is, the emergence of two ultimate events -the emergence of the world and the disappearance of the world -restricted, so it follows a strict linear movement. Its emergence and disappearance, life and death constitute a worldwide event, and he is full of various events in his life. These incidents can eventually tell a story or write an autobiography. " Life in life and biography: The life constructed by these two clues is always booked in advance in the material dimension, but it is full of uncertainty in a specific career. The former incorporates human beings into the huge group of all things and lives, and the latter is respected by humans and plants; Nature's reciprocating cycle and changes in the world, biological life and biography life: The lives constructed by these two clues are always reserved in advance in material dimensions, but they are full of uncertainty in specific career in specific careers sex. The former incorporates human beings into the huge group of all things and lives, and the latter is respected by humans and plants; How should we crack such dualism? At the same time, is it possible to think about life and biography in the sense of biology? For two thousand years, philosophers tirelessly tried to overcome this issue. Some respect the doctrine of Aristotle, regarding human life as a material that has gained vibrant; some follow the Descartes, thinking that life is a mechanical composition of sports; Kant believes that life can be self -maintained organism. Therefore, the entire history of philosophy has gone through such a process, that is, the evolution from vitalist to mechanical theory, and finally achieves the basic means of understanding and reproduction of life. Then go to the organ and inner environment. However, each theoretical interpretation is to question the relationship between "living" and "human", which can also be said to be the relationship between the former's infrastructure and the latter's upper -level buildings. Especially in Hegel's thoughts, life is "a transitional concept, and it associates the field of nature and the field of freedom." Thomas Khurana commented. Although human beings are restricted by biological factors, they can generate autonomy through self -organizing processes, and then obtain the possibility of pursuing and realizing the path of life.

Compared with these ideas and theories of the duality of life, the opposite of these two meanings has become sharp and solidified in the 20th century exposition, especially in recent years. This makes the differences between biology and humanities seem to be overwhelming.

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Author: Dijie Fasan

Edit: Zhou Yiqian

Editor in charge: Zhu Zilong

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