What is so important to the Chinese?
Author:Look at the think tank Time:2022.07.27
During the period of the three countries of the three countries, the generals of various miscellaneous numbers were endless and dazzling. How to judge their actual status for these generals or local officials? It is true that grade and rank are an important reference basis; but there is a simpler way, to see if they have "festivals".
At that time, the "festival" was one of the important basis for proved the power and status of generals or local officials. The symbolic power and command power of its symbols was enough to double the value of the officials of the festival. Therefore, from the "holding festival" of the Han Dynasty to the "festivals" of the three northern and Northern and Southern Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms, to the "Jiedushi" of the Tang Dynasty, the "festival" in ancient military often had great authority.
Interestingly, "Festival" is also very important in other respects. "Joint" and "nodes" indicate that things have developed to a critical stage; and words such as "savings", "etiquette", "unyielding festival", "high wind and bright festival", etc., reflect the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. The meaning of "festival" is always critical. Is this a coincidence?
Wen |
This article is reproduced from the WeChat public account "National Human History" (ID: GJRWLS). The original first published on July 24, 2022. The original title was "Gao Wind Liangjie, Fanwen Ji Festival ... Why is it so important to the Chinese? ", Does not mean looking at the view of the think tank.
1
Heaven
The physical "festival" is common in classics such as "Zhou Li", "Book of Rites", and "Lu's Spring and Autumn", which shows that in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the phenomenon of holding "festivals" is quite common. Regarding the explanation of the "festival", Kong Laida's "Shangshu Justice" Note: "The courts of the festivals, if there is a context of the official bank, the seal of the seal also."
At that time, there was a hand -in -law of managing the "festival". When Zhou Wang ordered the vassal states, the Palm Festival officer would deliver the corresponding "festival" to the messenger as a voucher for prove his identity. For King Zhou and other princes, the "festival" is a token that represents their will and orders. So, what does this dental look look like?
The Golden Festival of the Warring States Period Hubei, which is now hidden in the Anhui Provincial Museum, is the earliest physical "festival" in the current archeological discovery. It is made of bronze and looks like a bamboo slice. In the future, although the shape of the "festival" is different from the past, it is still related to bamboo. The Qin Dynasty "edited the puppets, and the bamboo festivals were like bamboo festivals." According to the "Hou Han Book · Emperor Guangwu" quoted "Han Guanye", "The festival is the letter, the bamboo is the same, the handle is eight feet long, and the yak tail is the triple."
In short, the main body of the "festival" of the Han Dynasty was a bamboo pole, and the top was made of "festivals" made of three -tails. In the early Han Dynasty, the "festivals" were all red. When Emperor Hanwu fired troops due to Prince Edward, even Huang Yan was distinguished above the first weight. It is for "Zhu Jie".
For the "Han Festival", historian Liao Boyuan pointed out: "The festival is one of the autonomous autonomous autonomy, the messenger holds the festival, indicating that it is the representative of the emperor, and the officials must obey their orders." It can be seen that the shape of the "festival" is shape. Although there are many changes, the metaphor behind it has been retained, and it has become a symbol of the emperor and the protagonist.
During the three kingdoms of the late Han Dynasty, the "Festival" was still the "standard" of local members and senior generals. However, unlike the "holding festival" of the Han Dynasty, the most common thing at the time was "festival". The "festival" was originally a temporary "holder", which was used for officials and was granted when they were fighting and made.
In the era of the Three Kingdoms, the "festival" was held for a long time for local officials or generals. However, there were still the names of "holding festivals" and "envoys". Regarding the distinction between the three, "Jin Shu · Officials' Chronicles" and "Song Book · Bai Guanzhi" both record: "Make holding the festival as the top, holding the festivals, and the festivals." Although the two Jinnan dynasties were implemented The third -level system of "festival", but this does not prove that the previous generation is the same.
In fact, there are only the distinction between "festivals" and "钺" in the Three Kingdoms era. According to the Biography of the Three Kingdoms · Guo Huai Biography: "(Positive) Five years, Xia Hou Xuanjian ... also fake Huai Festival ... (Jia Ping) Two years ... (诏) Huai is the three divisions of the car ride and Yitong Yitong, Holding the festival and the governor of the governor. "Local officials plus the festival to increase the authority. Cao Wei's famous general Guo Huai from the festival to the holding festival," Du Guan Ru Due ", has not changed. Essence
As for the "Holding Festival", it is more common in formal occasions and used in the full name. For example, in the unearthed Cao Zhenbei, there is a description of the "Environmental Festival and General of the West"; in the "Shi Gong Qing Zun" in the "Shi Shi" in the Southern Song Dynasty, whether it is Cao Ren, Cao Xiu, Xia Hou Shang, etc. , Or the foreign generals Zhang Yan, Xu Huang, Zhang Liao and others, all called "holding the festival". Therefore, the sections, festivals, and festivals of the Three Kingdoms period are only different.
For example, in the "Three Kingdoms", Xia Houyi and Wu quality are "fakes", while Wei Chen Yuyu's "Wei Lue" calls Xia Houyi as "holding festivals" and Wu Wing as "holding the festival".
In this case, only those who add "钺" can exceed the "festival" to a certain extent. Huang Yan is a golden ax. It has the meaning of killing in ancient times. Cao Wei's "fake yellow crickets" are almost all districts, guarding one side; while Wu Shu is eligible to "fake festivals", but only Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, and Lu Xun.
Wei Jin fell, and the "festival" gradually became synonymous with local officials or generals. As of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the "Festival" was still out of the physical category and was replaced by copper fish symbols; but it still had the meaning of adding numbers. Or "Ji Shuai". 2
Bingjie
As the autonomy of the emperor, the "festival" is not only the symbol of the authority of the festival, but also brings them honor and status. Therefore, the ancient artists did not take the "holding festival" as the glory. The sages, the volunteer of the country with the festival.
The scholars died as a confidant. The emperor gave the "festival" to the courtiers to show trust; and the courtiers would have some feats from time to time to protect this "honor". During the Western Han Dynasty, Su Wu ordered to make envoys in the Western Regions and was detained by the Huns. Faced with the intimidation of the Huns alone, Su Wuning did not fall. Even if he was exiled to the North Sea, he still held the "Han Festival" to show his loyalty to the country.
It wasn't until nineteen years later that Su Wu finally returned to Zhongtu. At this time, the knot stick in his hands had already "fixed" and became a bare bamboo pole.
Coincidentally, Zhang Jian was detained in the Huns when Zhang Jian made his envoy. In order to make him surrender, the Huns also made the "beauty plan". However, during the more than ten years of living outside the Serbia, although Zhang Jian had already married his wife and had a child, he still "held the Han Festival without losing" to show that he did not forget the country. There are seniors as "role models", and later generations of literati also regard "festivals" heavier than life.
According to "The Biography of the Han Dynasty · Fu Zhan": "(Fu Zhan) was repeatedly repeated, not to leave the soldiers, the festival was heavy, and there was an unintentional ambition." When the famous minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty encountered turmoil, he always kept his mission in mind and his ambitions. Fixed, people praised him for morality and morality, and acting stable and reliable. The "festival" mentioned here has the meaning of "morality". In this way, the "festival" is no longer just a token, it also represents the ethics of people. Losing "festival" is like losing ethics.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Li Yan and Guo Fan controlled the government, ordering Taizi Zhao Qi and Taifu Ma Ri to hold the festival to appease the Kanto heroes. Unexpectedly, when Ma Riwan went to Sichun, Fu Jie was robbed by Yuan Shuqiang. Poor Ma Ri, a generation of Confucian Confucianism, was respected by celebrities, and eventually "died of losing humiliation and worried."
3
Pushing bamboo
Judging from the development of the "Festival" in the Han and Jin dynasties, although its shapes have changed repeatedly, it is always inseparable from bamboo. Even the traditional Chinese characters of "festivals" are also written as the "festival" of bamboo heads. what about this?
According to Xu Shen's "Said the Word" explanation: "Jest, bamboo is also." Duan Yu said: "Abstracts, binding. Bamboo festivals are like a bundle." Here, that is, "Bamboo".
When the Western Jin Dynasty famous Du attacked Soochow, Zeng Yun said: "For example, after breaking bamboo, after a few sections, they were solved." When pushing bamboo, just split the bamboo knots on the head, and the following sections were automatically separated along the crack. In order to inspire morale, Du Yu compared the several Dongwu border towns that had been won as "bamboo", which was to tell Her Majesty: We won the Soochow is just around the corner.
In addition to the original "bamboo festival", the "festival" also derives other meaning. For example, from bamboo to "ancient instruments made of bamboo", instruments such as shooting boards will have the phenomenon of length, strength and weakness when playing, thereby extending the meaning of "beat" and "rhythm". Essence
4
Puzzle
When the traditional word "festival" is simplified to "festival", why use "艹" as the head? From the perspective of appearance, the parts of the plants and branches on the plant are like bamboo festivals, so these parts can also be called "festival". The idiom "extinguisherians" refers to "the birth of the branches on the branch festival", which is later extended to "new problems on the original thing." In this word, the idiom "root the wrong" is the same as it.
During the Emperor An Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was a famous minister Yu Yan, who was just in crime, offending the foreign relative Deng Yan. The latter was hateful, and then arranged Yu Yan to be the county magistrate. At that time, Chaoge often changed the civilian change and died several times in a row. After hearing about it, Yu Yan's relatives and friends had persuaded him not to go. Unexpectedly, Yu Yan laughed: "If you don't want to easily, do not take refuge, and the post of ministers;
The roots are wrong. This refers to "the roots of the tree are bent, the branches are staggered, and it is not easy to cut off." This is like the complex situation of Chaoge, which is unable to start. However, Yu Yan was very confident that the more the power of Chaoge was "the wrong root", which more and more reflected his "sharp ax" sharpness. As a result, after Yu Yan arrived in Chaoge, three times and five were divided into two, and the local disputes were calmed down. Therefore, he was emphasized by the court and was promoted to Wudu County Taishou. After that, Yu Yan broke the Dai people several times and made great achievements.
The above two examples explain that "festivals" can be interpreted as "things" and "events", as well as "fine branches" and "horizontal branches". Of course, the connection between the bones of the human body or other animals is also called "bone festival" and "joint" at the connection between the bones and bones. These important parts are like "links or matters that decide on things", so the "festival" in "bone eyes" and "joints" can be extended to "key" meaning.
In terms of role, because of the existence of "bamboo festivals", bamboo is divided into several sections; and the "four -o'clock section" in the ancient calendar also divided the year into four major sections and eight small sections. Each section of "Eight Section" is divided into three, and the traditional "twenty -four solar terms" are obtained. The ancients called the first day of each solar terms as "festivals". It was like "bamboo festivals" and divided a year into twenty -four periods. With the development of society, important festivals such as the Spring Festival and the Qingming Festival, and other large -scale celebrations or sacrifice activities have been included in the category of "festivals". In modern times, in order to build momentum, the organizers also often use some names such as "Art Festival" and "Food Festival".
And because some activities cannot end the day, the "festival" in the "festival" is no longer just a "point", but it becomes a "line". It is like the part of the bamboo and bamboo festivals. It can be further extended to the meaning of "period", or it means a section or section of measurement units, like "syllables", "season" and "season".
In the same way, the size of the article can also be called "chapter", and "festival" has the meaning of "paragraph" here. "Mao Shi and Justice" cloud: "The ten chapters of the seventy -fifty -two chapters of the seventy -nine chapters of the Nanshan Mountain." Here, the "festival" is used as a noun to use the noun, "to ... as the chapter", which is "festival selection" "The meaning of the section will inevitably be deleted, so the" festival "can also be interpreted as" cutting ".
This is reminiscent of "savings" and "saving clothing and shrinking food". Does it mean that the original intention is to "cut" some living expenses?
5
Open source
Interpreting "cutting" as "cutting", although the image does not meet its original intention. As mentioned above, the meaning of the "festival" is the constraint of bamboo; in other words, the ancients also regarded the bamboo festivals as a constraint on the growth of bamboo. Therefore, the direct derivation of "festival" is "restraint" and "restraint".
What is interesting is that although the "festival" and "schedule" have the meaning of "restraint", the term "savings" originally refers to a horseman accessories used to connect the collateral and band in the pre -Qin period. At the connection point of the cheeks, the band, the throat strap, the nose strap, and the forehead. The reason why this horse is called "conservation" is not only because it is used for horses and restraint, but also because it is located at the "plant branches" that is easy to "festival". "The righteousness of the handover" is linked together.
The original meaning of "saving" was "saving", and its original extension meaning was naturally "control" and "control". Therefore, the meaning of the "control" of the festival is in the same context as the meal and expenses appear in the same context. Controlling diet is called "diet".
When talking about "doing money in the business", the pre -Qin ideal Xunzi proposed to "open up water sources and control water." In this regard, Zhuge Liang thought deeply. When he was governing Shu, he not only vigorously developed special products such as salt, iron, and Shu Jin to increase fiscal revenue, but also advocated the national festivals, thereby reducing daily expenses. In this way, Shu Han's economy finally improved.
This is the "open source throttling" that is often referred to now, and similar to it, there are also "saving clothes and shrinking food". In addition, the "sorrowful change" also means "restraint".
6
There are festivals
When people's thoughts and behaviors are restrained or restrained to make it ethical, the "festival" has the meaning of "loyalty to duty and legal system". "Scholars Mo Mo disrespectful" is a manifestation of "etiquette".
There are many requirements in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and there are many requirements in terms of diet, dressing, title, behavior, and behavior, which leads to the emergence of "Fanwen". Although it seems to today, there are some requirements; but the many polite behaviors that respect others still meet the current values. Because of this, China has been known as "the state of etiquette" since ancient times.
It is also in line with "law". Wang Qi of the Tang Dynasty once wrote "Kunming Pond's Water Water and Water": "Watching military and political, facing military affairs, there are festivals in advance and retreat, and returning to profit." Excellent general training the army can make the soldiers move forward and retreat. Spend. When you connect with individuals, "advanced and retreating" can also refer to it is quite polite and properly.
Sometimes it may not be a bad thing against "Jiedush". Yuan Shao, a warlord in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, is good at buying people's hearts. As early as teenagers, Yuan Shao, who came from the famous door, knew how to lower his body to "fold the festival" and respect talented people. Therefore, at the beginning of the troubled times, Yuan Shao could quickly send his home and get the support of many big classes. Of course, in the aspect of the "Folding Festival", the master of Shu Liu Bei has done a better job. Everyone who has been in contact with him will be more affectionate; even if he will be enemy in the future, he must admire his heroic heroes. posture.
In addition, the "festival" of "festival" also has the meaning of "constraint". In the middle and late Warring States Period, the moral ethics system of various schools became more and more perfect. Some people who are "beyond their own selfishness, for certain moral principles and even abandon their lives", because they are in accordance with the double demands of "control" and "etiquette", they have been praised by future generations.
This further promoted the maturity of the concept of "morals" and had a profound impact on the defensive and death of the Han and Jin scholars. As mentioned above, the "Festival" is an important token of the Han and Tang Dynasties.
Adhering to the Qi Festival, people who "do their festivals" and become "high -winds and bright festivals"; instead of surrendering the "change" of the rebellion and "changing the festival", the industry has become a scale in the moral norms. Followed. To this day, we are still deeply influenced by the concepts such as "savings" and "morals". It is precisely because of the existence of these excellent virtues that the Chinese nation has always maintained vitality and has been walking to this day.
Reference materials:
1. Chen Shou, Pei Songzhi Note "Three Kingdoms", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1982.7
2. Liao Boyuan: "Examination of the Han Dynasty Supervision Army System", "History and System -Examination of the Han Dynasty Political System", Hong Kong Education Book Company, early 1997
3. Yang Hongnian: "Han and Wei System Congress Exam", Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2005.5
4. Zhang Xiaocheng: "Research on the Management System of Local Graduate Management System in the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, Beijing: Kyushu Publishing House, 2010.7
5. Wei Chongwu: "Historical Investigation of" Festival " -Pre -Qin period", "Yindu School", No. 2, 1996
6. Li Yan: "Speaking" Festival "", "Modern Chinese (Language Research Version)", No. 6, 2009
7. Sun Yan: "Talking" Festival "," Southern Cultural Relics ", No. 4, 2011
8. Yang Xiaojing: "Save" Examination Explanation, Master's Paper of Yunnan University, 2014.5
Uncle Ku Welfare
Uncle Ku's book is always there! People's Post and Telecommunications Publishing House provided Uncle Ku with 25 "24 Hours Brain" and presented enthusiastic readers. This book uses 80 classic scientific brain and energy management methods to truly help every modern people who are "tired, tired, and sleepy" quickly get out of anxiety, depression, and sluggish emotional traps, relieve psychological pressure, complete the task efficient Individuals can be their own energy manager to embrace a full day. Please comment under the article that the top 3 (more than 50) who likes the highest likes will get a book.
- END -
Four catering merchants in Fengtai District have completed the city's first batch of licenses in the city
In order to cooperate with the district epidemic prevention and control work deployment, the business permit in Alei Village, Huaxiang District, Hua Township, Fengtai District will be suspended on May
Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine held a promotion meeting for the construction of medical -related centers
School of Science and Technology of Chinese Medicine SciencesPublic account ID: CA...