Hello, your summer flood control guide has been delivered, please pay attention to check
Author:China Popular Science Expo Time:2022.08.10
Entering summer, in addition to the high temperature in the summer, there are various extreme weather, such as strong precipitation. The increase in rainfall has led to flood disasters in some areas across the country, which seriously endangers people's life and property safety.
How much do you know about flood disasters? The knowledge points that have to be learned this summer have added another one. Let's learn together to prepare for the prevention of flood disasters ~
To what extent can be called flood disasters?
Floods are a highly complex natural phenomenon. When "water flows from the normal range of the river or other water bodies, or the water flow is not accumulated in the flooded areas under normal circumstances", it can be regarded as floods [1]. In other words, when the total amount of water in the water, such as rivers, rivers, lakes, and the sea has increased rapidly, the rising water level is far more than the normal water level.
Picture source: veer
The entire process curve from the beginning to the ceiling to the backward process is called the flood process line. The floods of natural phenomena are different from the flood disasters we usually recognize. Only when the floods spread to human living areas and bring threats to human life and property, they will cause flood disasters to form a flood disaster [2] Essence
In other words, when the flood occurs in a deserted place, no matter how high the degree of flood occurs, and no harm to human society, this flood phenomenon does not call the flood disaster. When floods bring losses to human society and living environment, no matter how minimal occurrences are, they can be identified as flood disasters [2,3].
Picture source: veer
Affected by climate geographical conditions and socio -economic factors, China's flood disasters have a wide range (greater than 2/3 regions), frequent, strong, and large losses.
Different types of floods
During heavy rain, rapid melting snow, and storm trend, many natural factors may cause floods.
According to the cause of the flood, the place where the flood occurs, and the characteristics of the floods, it can be divided into different types of floods, usually including floods, heavy rain (river) floods, single events floods, multi -event floods, seasonal floods, floods in the coastal areas, rivers in the estuary , City floods, snow -raid floods, ice congestion floods, and dammed floods [4].
Mountain floods mainly occur in steep terrain, and are often caused by short rainstorms in the small region. The area of China's mountainous areas accounted for nearly 70%, and the floods were frequent. According to statistics, the flood disasters have occurred more than 53,000 times from 1949 to 2015, and a total of 60,000 deaths have been accumulated. In the past 20 years, the number of deaths caused by the flood disasters accounted for more than 70%of flood disasters. [5]
Rainstorms and floods usually occur in the vast area of the area, mainly due to heavy rain, which causes the flow to exceed the river overcurrent and spread through the natural or artificial dam. The Chinese Songhua River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin are frequent and flooded areas.
Picture source: veer
Floods in a single incident are floods caused by a large -scale heavy rainfall in a certain area of a certain area, which is usually related to cyclone disturbances, low storms and storms in cyclone disturbances.
Multi -incident flood refers to floods caused by heavy rainfall caused by continuous weather disturbances, which affects a wide range of regional scope. For example, due to the low pressure of Bangladesh, the Indian Ganges Plain and the Central Indian region formed a multi -event flood caused by heavy rainfall.
Mestwriting floods are usually caused by seasonal rainfall activities and often occur in monsoon climate. Seasonal floods often occur in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin in my country.
The floods in the coastal areas are mostly caused by the tide of storms and winds. Under special geographical conditions such as offshore regions, the dual effects of the superficial and delayed flow of the sea bed cause the sea water to surge. Such floods will occur in the eastern waters of my country.
Picture source: veer
In addition, the coastal tide meets the river that concentrates to the sea on the coastline. The two acts on each other to form a tide of water or extending to the inland, which is called the rhodolis of the estuary. The special geographical climate conditions of the dry flow of the Pearl River Basin in my country have led to the area of the estuary in the area.
In urban areas, when the heavy rainfall exceeds the affordability of the drainage system, it will cause urban floods. With the sharp increase in the area of urban impermented water layers, urban floods have become more frequent.
Picture source: veer
The melting of ice and snow in high -altitude and high latitudes and high latitudes may cause snow -melting runoff. The seasonal snow melting floods in the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau in China often occur.
Due to the melting of glaciers, the rivers are quickly piled up in the river, forming a dammed and icing flow, causing the water level of the upper reaches of the river to rise rapidly. Once the "ice is" open suddenly, the ice plug flood is formed.
Similarly, mudslides and landslides in steep mountainous areas can also be accumulated in the river channel, and dammed lakes can also be formed upstream of the river. Once the dammed lake is decided, the dammed flood is formed.
Due to the special geographical conditions, affected by glacier distribution, mudslides, landslides, and climate warming, the probability of occurring in the Bingshin flood and dammed floods in Lhasa, Nyingchi area in Tibet is relatively high.
How to scientifically monitor the flood
In order to prevent flood disasters, water love stations are usually set up for flood monitoring.
Relevant departments will measure the hydrology and meteorological elements related to the floods of the water, rain, or other water conditions, and other water conditions, and provide real -time water information information to the relevant national departments within the prescribed time according to the prescribed time according to the prescribed time. Provide data support for flood prevention and rescue decisions.
According to the type of flood types and monitoring elements, the rushing flood monitoring and flood division flood monitoring is a special type in flood monitoring.
As the name implies, the monitoring of the rushing flood monitoring is mainly to monitor the relevant hydrological elements of rivers, reservoirs, and dammed lakes, while flood division of flooding monitoring has analyzed the flow of the upstream and downstream of the flood, thereby laying a foundation for the flood division plan. Traditional information collection methods are difficult to meet the growing demand for flood control. Therefore, advanced technical methods such as remote sensing technology, drone technology and radar technology are continuously applied to flood monitoring, and promoting the continuous improvement of the flood monitoring system.
Remote sensing technology can not only accurately monitor weather factors information, but also monitor the area of floods and flood flooding area.
In China, remote sensing technology was applied to flood monitoring in the early 1980s, and conducted large -scale flood prevention remote sensing applications in the lower reaches of the Yongding River, the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River Basin, and the Huaihe section.
Initially, the performance of flood monitoring was limited to satellite and aviation images, but with the development of radar remote sensing technology, flood monitoring can also be performed under severe weather conditions, forming a real -time aviation remote sensing system throughout the weather and applied to flood monitoring [6].
Radar Return Picture Picture Source: China Meteorological Bureau
At present, the use of gravity recovery and climate experiment satellite (Grace) data can achieve large -scale flood monitoring of the basin [7], and the use of Beidou satellites can achieve super standard flood monitoring in the case of special harsh natural environment [8].
With the development of drone technology, the use of satellites and drones can realize the monitoring of sky -bonum -based floods. It has a prominent advantage of fast and efficient, large -scale dynamics and local fines and is not affected by ground disasters. In 2021, the Yellow River The autumn flood flood monitoring was widely used [9].
With the development of artificial intelligence and big data, the flood smart monitoring system has also emerged and developed [10].
The measures to reduce the life and property losses caused by flood disasters include engineering measures and non-engineering measures [11-12].
Among them, engineering measures generally include projects such as reservoirs, flood dams, and drainage pipe network constructions to reduce flood effects, and huge amounts of funds and high engineering technologies need to be invested to complete.
Picture source: Chinese water
The flood warning system is one of the most effective non -engineering measures that reduce the life and property damage caused by the flood. It aims to provide accurate and timely flood information and early warning to relevant flood control departments, so as to implement correct and effective disaster preparation and disaster reduction plans [12].
Flood forecast is an important foundation for the flood warning. Based on the theories and methods of flood monitoring information and related theories and methods such as water literature, hydropower, and river dynamics, the flood forecast model is established. The real -time forecast of the elements is formed to form a flood forecast system, which provides a scientific basis for the decision -making of the flood control command departments at all levels [13].
Based on the monitoring of floods and flood forecasting, the flood warning uses modern communication technology to issue alert to the society to reduce the influence of floods received by human society through the measures system. The mature flood forecast early warning system is the key to effectively prevent and control flood disasters [4].
With the development of information technology, the methods of remote sensing technology, big data and artificial intelligence are increasingly used for flood forecast models and smart early warning systems, which can greatly improve the effectiveness of flood forecasting accuracy and the effectiveness of flood disaster prevention and control measures [14].
We believe that with the continuous efforts of scientific researchers, humans can more accurately grasp the laws related to floods and protect human life and property.
Produced: Popular Science China
Author: Sun Liying (Associate Researcher of the Institute of Geographical Science and Resources of the Chinese Academy of Sciences)
Producer: China Science Popularization Expo
Edit: Wang Tingting
references:
[1] Fang Jian, Rhododendron, Xu Wei, etc. The impact of climate change on flood disasters research progress [J]. Earth scientific progress, 2014, 29: 1085-1093.
[2] Shen Zhechong. Under the flood disaster, the construction of the space tough index system of the urban neighborhood of the city [j]. Value engineering, 2022, 41 (16): 30-32.
[3] Shi Peijun. The theory and practice of the research of the five theory of disaster system [J]. Journal of Natural Disaster, 2009, 18 (5): 1-9.
[4] World Meteorological Organization. Flood forecast early warning manual [M]. Liu Zhiyu and other translations. 2016, China Hydropower Hydropower Publishing House, Beijing.
[5] Wei Yongqiang, Shengdong, Dong Linzheng, etc. The current situation and development trend of the prevention and control of the flood disaster [J]. China flood prevention and drought, 2022, 32 (7): 30-35.
[6] Review and outlook for the research progress of water conservancy remote sensing application technology [J]. Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Science, 2008, 6 (3): 224-230.
[7] Xiong Jinghua, Wang Zhaoli. The large-scale flood monitoring of the Pearl River Basin based on Grace Gravity Satellite [J]. Hydropower Journal, 2021, 40 (5): 68-78.
[8] Jiang Lanhong, Cui Jinpeng, Bi Zengsheng. Beidou Satellite Communications in the monitoring of super standard flood monitoring [J]. Water conservancy informatization, 2021, (04), 68-71.
[9] Chen Liang, Yang Yang, Shen Yuan, etc. In 2021, the Yellow River autumn flood flood remote sensing monitoring application [J]. China Water Conservancy, 2022, (04): 11-12, 38.
[10] Hao Yanlong, Zhao Tonghua, Hao Zhenglong, etc. The city's flood and wisdom monitoring and early warning forecast discussion [C]. 2021 The first urban water conservancy and flood prevention seminar (online meeting), 2022. [11] Zhang Jianyun, Wang Yintang, Liu Cuishan, etc.. Discussion of Chinese urban floods and prevention standards [J]. Journal of Hydropower, 2017, 36 (1): 1-6.
[12] Cheng Wencong, Shi Xiaokang, Zhang Wenjun, etc.Methods of During the numerical mode of deep learning.Journal of Tropical Meteorological, 2020, 36 (03): 307-316.
[13] Zhao Peng. The creation of flood forecasting and early warning system based on the reduction of rainfall [J]. Groundwater, 2022, 44 (03): 203-205.
[14] Chen Xin, Liu Yanli, Zhang Jianyun, etc. The real -time correction method of flood forecasting based on historical data [J]..html.
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