Audit Observation | Yu Dawei: major investment projects and major emergencies tracking audit of audit institutions in different countries

In different countries in the world, audit organs are generally established. In different countries, there are more or less major investment projects, and major emergencies cannot guarantee that it will never happen. Regardless of the construction of major investment projects or major emergencies, it takes a certain amount of time. During this period of time, do major investment projects and major emergencies, and how does auditing agencies in different countries conduct tracking audits?

To answer this question, the relevant information of auditing agencies in different countries should be obtained. In view of the difficulty of collecting materials, the most provincial way of events is used here, and the existing ready -made materials are used -the "Audit Talk about the National Audit of the Ten Kingdoms" compiled by the International Cooperation Department of the my country Audit Department (the 1st edition of the Chinese Times Economic Press, September 2014, referred to as the short referred to as "Ten Kingdoms Audit").

The Ten Kingdoms Audit is a unified questionnaire and their respective feedback results issued by the Auditor in 10 countries. One problem in the questionnaire is closely related to the theme of this article. This question is (in order of the original issue): 29. Does the highest audit authority in your country carry out tracking audits of major investment projects and major emergencies? How to carry out? The problems mentioned are highly consistent with the needs of this article. It is simply a questionnaire survey specially done for this article.

Regarding the problem, the details of the 10 countries are not consistent, but they all answered. Focusing on the theme of this article, the information provided by the Answers of 10 countries, along with the relevant situation of my country, follow -up audits and related thinking on major investment projects and major emergencies of audit institutions and major emergencies in different countries.

The basic situation of 10 countries carried out major investment projects and major emergencies tracking audits

According to the answers from the 10 countries' audit organs, first look at the basic situation of major investment projects and major emergencies tracking audits in their respective countries.

——The answer content of the US Audit Office is more, mainly:

The Audit Office rarely implements tracking audit on single real estate investment projects or other important investment projects. In some cases, the Audit Office will review the sources of funds and regulatory methods of important projects or important investment, but does not perform performance review of a single project. In most cases, the work carried out in the field of real estate investment projects is mainly an audit of the entire industry related themes or specific matters related to real estate management. ... but do not involve tracking and inspection of a single project.

In addition to the Audit Office's focus on the entire industry, the offices of the supervisors (IG) of various federal institutions can participate in the relevant inspection of specific investment projects.

The Audit Department has also been helping to supervise the federal government's response to the US economic situation. In particular, we have been at the forefront to supervise the expenses involved in the 2009 "US Revision and Reserture Law" (usually referred to as the "Economic Stimulation Plan" legislation). Every two months we have reviewed the situation of the funds in the selected state and local, and expressed their opinions on the estimates of the creation or retaining employment opportunities reported by the aid. We have implemented tracking audits on the use of the funds of the bill, that is, during the implementation of the project and the recipients, we have always paid attention to the use of funds. We also cooperate closely with relevant agencies who are responsible for liability, such as state and local auditors, government responsibilities and transparency committees, and the supervisors of various federal institutions.

The Audit Department usually does not conduct tracking audits on disaster response. The only exception was to audit the response to the two recent hurricanes (Hurricane Carterina in 2005 and Hurricane in 2008). However, the U.S. Ministry of Land and Security Supervisor's response to the disaster, especially the wreckage removal and recovery work, and conduct some tracking audits. In October 2012, the supervisor sent the work team to check the response and recovery of Hurricane Sandy on the spot.

——The Canadian Audit Office's answer is that in general, the Canadian Audit Office does not conduct real -time tracking audit. However, in 2012, in the performance audit of the Canadian jet fighter project, it reviewed whether the relevant government departments performed their duties correctly during the decision -making process of jet fighters.

——An Audit Agency's answer is that the audit of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Preparation and Holding of the Olympic Games belongs to this type of audit. There are two types of audit projects. The Audit Office is also completed by tracking audit: preliminary results encourage employment policies; highway projects (audit of preliminary preliminary preliminary projects). In addition, in 2006, the British Audit Office audited humanitarian assistance to the internationally aid department to provide humanitarian aid.

——An the answer of the French Audit Court, we are mainly engaged in post -post audit, but for the units we are implementing the audit, we also put forward opinions on the project we are ongoing to guide our work. We do not conduct tracking audits of major emergencies.

——The German Federal Audit Institute pointed out that tracking audits usually refer to the audit supervision with the project. After we made administrative decisions, we were intervened in the implementation of projects (such as public construction projects). Our audit results can be implemented during the project. In 2010, the audit team completed the audit of three banks held by the federal government. The audit team also followed the suggestions and development of the federal financial market stability institutions, and provided suggestions on relying on external consultants.

——The main contents answered by the Russian Federal Audit Institute are: In 2010, we conducted performance audit on federal budget funds for fighting against fires and providing assistance to the victims. … One of the first tasks of the Federal Audit Institute is to control the implementation of major international projects: such as the 22nd Winter Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014, the 11th Paralympic Games, and the 2013 in 2013 The Summer Games of the World University Student Hosted by Shan. —— Australian Audit Agency answered that the Audit Office generally does not track and audit major investment projects and emergencies because we find that the resources of such audits are very large. However, in the case of special circumstances and important circumstances, we will also consider performing such audits.

——The Japan Audit Institute pointed out that according to the definition of the term "tracking audit", the audit institutes were audited on each financial transaction completed, and even the transaction -related projects were not completed before. At the same time, the audit court will make suggestions on the future trends based on the audit results. In addition, for the East Japan earthquake that occurred last year, the basic audit policy in 2012 stipulates: "In addition, considering that during a specific period, the state has a large amount of funds, and the projects should be implemented in a timely manner. After the recovery and reconstruction of various measures, the audit are implemented. The audit institutes should pay close attention to the policies and development of the central government, and the actual conditions of the disaster area to quickly and flexibly implement the audit. "

——The Audit Office of the Indian Planning Audit Office is "no development."

—— The answer given by the South African Audit Office is "No".

Combing the audit information of major investment projects and major emergencies in 10 countries

Focusing on the theme of this article, using the answers provided by the above 10 countries, the audit and audit of major investment projects and major emergencies in different countries' audit organs, and the summary is sorted out as follows:

(1) Regarding whether to carry out major investment projects and major emergencies tracking audit

Regarding this problem, the materials have been piled up, but it is not easy to sort out clearly. May wish to come up and talk about two countries that are not carried out in two tracking audits. India and South Africa are straightforward, and both tracking audits are not carried out. Germany did not say that it would not be audit, but from the specific situation of its answers, the so -called tracking audit is just ordinary audit projects instead of investment projects. As for major emergencies, Germany's answer was not clearly mentioned. Australia's answers are generally not carried out, and it will also be considered in special circumstances and important circumstances, but it has not been cited for examples. Therefore, like India and South Africa, Germany and Australia should also be placed in countries that are not carried out (or have not been carried out) in two tracking audits.

Besides, only one of them or less. This kind of situation is relatively different. Canada said that it is generally not carried out, and there are only one example. In fact, this time it was carried out, barely considered a major investment project, but did not conduct tracking audits. The audit of major emergencies has never been carried out. France's approach is to conduct investment project audits by the way audited by the audit unit, which is not limited to major projects and may not be followed up. For major emergencies, it has not been audited. Therefore, Canada and France can basically look at the above four countries, that is, both tracking audits are not carried out (or have not been carried out). The United States answers very few or usually do not conduct two tracking audits, but at the same time, they have cited two examples of tracking audits. In fact, the US Supervisors and its office have actually engaged in two aspects of audit and even tracking audit. Therefore, the United States should be regarded as two countries that are carried out in both tracking audits.

Finally, see if other countries belong to two countries that are carried out in both tracking audits. The audit of the UK and highway projects is a typical major investment project tracking audit; although the tsunami aid project has only been audited once, it is undoubtedly a audit of major emergencies. Russia's audit of fire and sports projects is also a typical tracking audit of two types of projects. Japan's audit on the ongoing matters cannot be regarded as a typical major investment project tracking and audit, but in 2012, the Japanese earthquake project was not clearly conducted, and it was definitely a auditing of major emergencies. Analysis here, the United States, Britain, Russia, and Japan, which are generally calculated in two countries that are conducted in both tracking audits.

(2) What kind of business types are carried out on major investment projects and major emergencies

If two tracking audits are not carried out, there is no prerequisite for further dividing business types. For countries that have less or two tracking audits, what kind of business types are carried out, whether it is financial audit, compliance audit or performance audit. Is one or more?

The U.S. Audit Office reviews the sources and regulatory methods of important project planning or important investment funds. The audit of the disaster response to its office did not clearly mention the type of audit business, but from the analysis of its expression, at least it was mainly financial audit and compliance audit.

The audit of the Canadian Audit Office on replacement of jet fighter projects is clearly a performance audit. At the same time, it is also pointing out whether the government departments can correctly perform their duties. It should be regarded as both performance audit and compliance audit. The Audit Office of the British Audit Agency and the relevant Games project of the Russian Federal Audit Institute can basically be regarded as financial audit and compliance audit. It is difficult to speculate whether performance audit is difficult to. The Audit of the Russian Federal Audit Institute is clearly a performance audit.

The Japanese Audit Institute combined with the follow -up audit of daily audits should belong to the financial audit, while the audit of the Great Earthquake does not specify what kind of business types.

From the perspective of the two tracks of these countries, in the three types of business types of financial audit, compliance audit, and performance audit, which one, two or even three or even three or comprehensives are carried out, it is not clear. In other words, the two -track audit specific business type does not have obvious regularity, tendency or universality in different countries. To a certain extent, it is: British and Russian audit institutions to audit the event projects, which are more typical major investment project tracking audits, and attach importance to financial audit and compliance audit.

In addition, it is worth noting. From the perspective of audit business type, the United States conducts the entire industry audit on the theme or specific matters related to the real estate management, or the audit of the expenses involved in the "American Reinstance and Reinstance Law". The audit of the federal financial market, the audit of the Britain and Russia on the sports association, and the audit of Japan's earthquake projects, have also been audited by major policies and major decision -making implementation. In this regard, it is similar to the implementation of the policy and measures carried out by my country's audit organs in recent years. Especially the audit of the US recovery and reinvestment law involved in the United States, "also related institutions that be responsible for liability, such as state and local auditors, government responsibilities and transparency committees, and supervision of various federal agencies in various federal agencies Long wait, work closely. " This approach is more similar or communicated with the practice of the implementation of policy measures in my country's audit organs in recent years.

(3) How to track and audit on major investment projects and major emergencies

India and South Africa, which do not conduct two tracking audits, certainly cannot talk about how to carry out. For other countries that have less or two items, from the limited information provided, there are mainly two situations on how to carry out.

One is special audit. Regardless of the types of business, the two tracking audits of the United States, Britain, Russia and other countries are basically carried out. The other is combined with other audits. France, Germany, and Japanese audit organs are generally belonging to this category. Because of this, the latter types are largely regarded as not to carry out or have not carried out two tracking audits.

This is only from the perspective of the audit method -special or combined. At the level of specific audit procedures and audit methods, how to carry out tracking audits, the answers to the answers of various countries to provide relevant information are not enough to summarize. Compared with non -tracking audit, tracking audit, in terms of specific audit procedures and audit methods, there should be no substantial difference. It is necessary to say the difference, especially around the theme of this article. The scope of consideration is only limited to major investment projects and major emergencies; the audit time and frequency must be during the execution or governance process, and the continuous audit must be more than once. Only in this way can we be called tracking audits of major projects.

Enlightenment of 10 major national investment projects and major emergencies tracking audits

There are different situations in 10 countries. The practice of carrying out major investment projects and major emergencies tracking audits is different. However, through the above situation and further sorting of information, some inspiration can still be obtained from the relevant practices of 10 countries.

(1) If there are major investment projects or major emergencies, follow -up audit should be carried out

The audit of the Britain and Russia on the Games projects, the Audit of the United States and Japan's economic crisis and major disaster treatment projects are follow -up audit. The reason for this is because there are such projects and the need for audits. But from the overall situation of 10 countries, the two tracking audits are not common. The fewer investment projects are less and audited, which may have a lot to do with fewer major investment projects determined by these countries in recent years (especially government investment or participation in investment projects). There are fewer audits of major emergencies. Except for the fewer emergencies in natural factors, it may have a great relationship with the social system, the degree of the government, and whether to act as the responsibility, invest in resources, and actively organize disaster treatment.

(2) Most investment projects, major emergencies audit and policy measures, and the implementation of major decision -making implementation, the degree of correlation is relatively high

Originally asked about major investment projects and major emergencies tracking audits, but the United States, Canada and other countries answered, for example, the Audit of the United States' 2009 "US Revolution and Reserture Law", Canada's replacement jet fighter project The audit provides audit on the implementation of major policies and major decisions. Judging from the actual situation of our country, the treatment and recovery and reconstruction of major national policies and measures or major emergencies are often accompanied by major investment projects. Therefore, both foreign or my country, between major investment projects, major emergencies and major policies and measures, and the implementation of major decision -making, the degree of correlation is relatively high, and multi -dimensional overall arrangements will be more effective. (3) Follow -up audit of major investment projects and major emergencies can also be carried out with the usual project audit

The practice of auditing agencies in France, Germany, and Japan is to a certain extent to integrate major investment projects, major emergencies tracking audits and usual audit projects. Even though India and South Africa, which do not conduct two tracking audits, are clearly answered, I am afraid that they will not see major investment projects and major emergencies. The difference is that there is no special tracking audit. If this speculation can be established, that is, in France, Germany, Japan, India, South Africa and other countries, or it is clear or unclear, but in fact, the corresponding major investment projects and major emergencies are completed in the usual audit. The task of tracking audits such as the event. The same is true in our country. If major investment projects and major emergencies follow -up audit are not arranged, in the usual budget execution, economic responsibility auditing, and leaving the audit of natural resources assets Combined other matters to make a good audit. Under the necessary circumstances, in the usual audit, you can also formulate special audit plans for major investment projects, major emergencies, major policy measures, major decision -making implementation, etc., while issuing the usual audit report, it is issued. To meet different needs, to maximize the benefits of the audit process and audit results.

Source: "Audit Observation" magazine 2022 Issue 4

- END -