The manufacturing industry has encountered labor, because young people are unwilling to "enter the factory"?

In 1991, 10 episodes of realist TV series "Foreign Girl" aired on CCTV, setting off a wave of viewing. At that time, Guangdong took the lead in developing in the early days of reform and opening up. The industries such as textiles, clothing, and toy manufacturing became the pillar of economic development. The six young northern girls in "Foreign Girls" and other workers under the south of the south took over the huge employment market. The "olive branches" thrown in injection of vitality and vitality into my country's economy.

More than 30 years later, my country has become the most complete manufacturing country in the world. Various manufacturing companies are scattered, but the situation of unlimited labor supply no longer exists. Experts interviewed said that manufacturing is no longer simply processed, and the work of workers will no longer win with volume. Manufacturing workers are facing the structure between increasingly subdivided and upgraded demand structures and relatively lagging supply structures. Sexual contradictions.

At present, the influence of factoring the external economic situation, the epidemic of new crown pneumonia, and the fluctuations in the price of energy and raw materials, the problem of "employment shortage" further highlights, which not only affects the normal production and operation of the enterprise, but also causes the high -quality development of my country's manufacturing industry to face difficulties.

"Factory" can't keep young people

A few days ago, a summary table of enterprise recruitment information in 21 prefecture -level cities under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province was announced on the Internet. The 131 companies in the table listed the recruitment positions, the number of recruiters, and welfare benefits one by one. , Covering general workers, technicians, managers, etc. Chen Mo (a pseudonym) worked in Zhuhai also ranked among them. The company mainly produces aluminum alloy pressure castings, products are supplied in China, and some are sold to European and American markets.

Chen Mo is mainly responsible for recruitment in the company, and the 500 people set at the beginning of the year make him feel very stressful. Before the interview, he resumed the recent "results". "From February to now, more than 250 people have been recruited, more than 50 people who have left within 7 days after the employment, more than 50 people who leave within the second month, and the original employee who resigned, it is equivalent to two businesses. In three months, only less than 100 people were recruited in the end. "He said to the reporter of" China Report "that it was not surprising, and many colleagues had already been used to the rhythm of this recruitment.

There are few young people among the candidates, and Chen Mo expressed his understanding of Chen Mo. In his opinion, there are still many manufacturing positions that are not "glorious", large labor intensity, poor treatment, and low social recognition. "Our company's employees over 40 years old account for the majority, such as melting, cutting, batch, and feeding are very difficult jobs, and they are more able to endure hardships. But many young people don't want to take their parents to enter the factory. The "post -190s'" also reached the age of supporting the family. If you go to a boring position, to be honest, they don't know where it is in their early days. "Chen Mo said.

Even if there are young people applied, they are considered a "temporary choice". Chen Mo summarized their leaving peak period as three "two", which were the second, second month and the second year after the employment. Generally, I have accumulated experience in some respect and want to jump out to find a better job. "Chen Mo said.

△ On May 16th, in front of a Starbucks store in Xuhui District, Shanghai, the takeaway brother went to the store entrance to receive the goods.

A difficult fact that when the new service industry rises, the connotation of "good work" is constantly refreshed, and "entering the factory" is at the end of the employment choice of young people. Interviewed experts believe that in addition to the annual employment group of college graduates who occupy the big heads, they are more inclined to engage in communications, the Internet, finance and other industries, such as the low entry threshold for emerging positions such as takes, courier, and online car drivers. It is relatively high, and is also "grabbing people" with manufacturing.

As an example, according to the statistics of Meituan, within two months of the epidemic in 2020, 40 % of the over 2 million takeaway riders who have added a total of over 2 million takeaway riders from the Meituan and Hungry.

In order to retain people, Chen Mo's company began to improve employee benefits since last year, including increasing meals, improvement of the dining environment, selection of excellent employees every month, and organizing birthday dinner. He believes that the company has no layoffs or reducing employee treatment in the case of rising employment costs, rising metal materials prices, and customer prices. "It is already lucky", but he believes that the situation of more difficult companies in the situation is not optimistic.

The increase in wages is considered a more direct measure to retain young people. Zhou Dewen, deputy director of the Central Economic Committee of the DPP and the president of the Wenzhou SME Development Promotion Association, has studied the private economy for 40 years. It can solve the problem within time, but because the profit itself is relatively small, coupled with the impact of the epidemic in the past three years, many companies are still barely. Compared with their salary increase, survival is the most important thing at the current company.

"Workers" belong to structural contradictions

The gap in "labor shortage" is difficult to count specific numbers, but an investigation made by 90,000 industrial enterprises above designated size is sufficient to explain the problem. Last April, relevant persons from the National Bureau of Statistics pointed out that the survey showed that about 44%of companies reflected the difficulty of recruitment is the biggest problem currently facing, reaching a new high in recent years. In addition, according to the "Guangdong -Hong Kong -Macao Greater Bay Area (Mainland) in the Mainland), the talent needs of talents are urgently needed for talents (2020), and the manufacturing industry accounts for the leading position of demand, and the demand for employment exceeds half of the total demand (61.93%).

In the past, "labor shortage" with seasonal and temporary characteristics, why is it more frequently poke the "pain points" of small and medium -sized enterprises more frequently? Zhou Dewen believes that with the changes in the economic situation at home and abroad and the continuous impact of the epidemic, the orders of manufacturing companies have been or less, and some necessary expenses have not decreased when they fall into stopping. As a result, employment positions are not stable enough, coupled with the increase in cost prevention and transportation such as employees in the epidemic, which has weakened the willingness to employment employment.

A noteworthy phenomenon is that the shortage of technical workers exists at the same time as the shortage of ordinary workers. According to the first quarter of 2022 issued by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Affairs, 36 of the 100 occupations are manufacturing and relevant personnel, and 24 of the 100 occupations.

The reporter also noticed in the aforementioned Guangdong recruitment information summary table that most companies have demand for technical positions. Some only recruit technicians, and the monthly salary issued by them is more than 10,000 yuan, which is two to three times that of general workers. "For example, some positions need to adjust the accuracy, and some to detect the performance of composite materials. In our company, these are technicians." Chen Mo said that his company's technicians account for more than 20%. Although there is no shortage of people at present, there is no shortage of people. , But it is also among long -term recruitment.

In the opinion of Zhou Jianqi, director and researcher of the Enterprise Evaluation Research Office of the Institute of Enterprise Research Center of the State Council, the manufacturing "labor shortage" is a structural contradiction. "my country has entered a stage of high -quality development, and traditional manufacturing has been transformed and upgraded, and emerging manufacturing has continued to grow. In the context of the full integration of digital technology and manufacturing technologies in various industries, companies have higher and more quality of employees' skills and quality. Detailed requirements, but the employment supply system is relatively lagging behind. "

She believes that the prominent manifestation is two aspects: First, the education and training system is formed in the extensive development stage of high -speed growth, which requires systematic optimization and upgrading. However, it is still in the exploration period. For a long time; the second is that the labor evaluation system tends to be highly educated white -collar workers. It is not conducive to attracting craftsmanship and operating manufacturing blue -collar workers.

△ "Sharing employees" solve the urgent need for companies that urgently need employment. The picture shows a "shared employee" component auxiliary installation on the air -conditioned assembly line.

Enterprises have explored some paths on response to "employment shortages", such as asking government departments to go to foreign countries to recruit agency, or use flexible employment service platforms to share employment and business outsourcing. However, under the epidemic, Chen Mo's company is also controlling the proportion of labor service. Mo said.

Zhou Dewen believes that in the long run, we cannot only expect and call for employees to change their concepts, and alleviate "employment shortage" to touch the fundamental. For example, to accelerate the construction of urbanization and the reform of the household registration system, local governments should fully consider the construction of new urban areas when planning the industrial development park in the urban development plan. A large number of low -rent housing and economic affordable housing are used as "migrant apartments" and "new citizen apartments" to solve practical problems such as medical care and children's education, so that employees can truly have a sense of belonging at work.

Vocational education must be integrated into the market

The huge technical workers needed to make a power of manufacturing power to a large extent rely on vocational education supply.

At the graduation season, Chen Mo's campus recruitment plan was disrupted by the epidemic. The four colleges and universities that were contacted in early May were gracement to enter the campus and uniformly changed to online recruitment. "The effect of online recruitment is not as good as above. First of all, we cannot answer students' concerns at any time as offline, and then companies are concentrated on the same platform. It is difficult for students to choose from several comparison." Chen Mo said Essence

He still remembers that in previous years, the employment instructor concentrated the students with dozens of hundreds of majors in a large classroom. Students are interested. "Chen Mo believes that aside from the final rate of entry, it is not to mention that vocational colleges have always been a stable source of employee supply, especially schools also want to increase employment rates.

Zhou Jianqi told the reporter of "China News" that in addition to introducing short -term incentive policies and encouraging employment groups to join the manufacturing industry, it is also necessary to consider from a long -term perspective to reform my country's education and training and employment evaluation system, and promote the institutional reform of relevant laws. "This It should also become the connotation of optimizing the business environment of manufacturing enterprises. "

From May 1st, the newly revised vocational education law was officially implemented. This is the first revision of the Vocational Education Law after 26 years. One of the biggest highlights is the first time that "vocational education is a type of education that has the same important position as ordinary education."

Chu Zhaohui, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Education and Science, began researching vocational education since 1985. He admitted to the reporter of China Report that the scale of vocational education in my country has been greatly improved, but the healthy interaction between vocational education and the employment market " "The overall level has not passed", which is mainly manifested by the administrative department's management of vocational education. For example, what major in the school set up by the administrative department is filmed, and the employment demand in the market is difficult to directly feedback, resulting in the diversification and refinement of employment demand, and the skills of students master are gradually disconnected from the market.

"Including some high -skilled talents, it is not to say that it has become senior talents since the school comes out, but it takes many years of tempering." Chu Zhaohui said that the employment rate of students in vocational schools is generally high, but the quality of employment is generally not high. ThereforeIt is a common phenomenon to change jobs in a short time after graduation. "They have not developed in the professional field for a long time, so they are unlikely to become skillful talents."From the perspective of Chu Zhaohui, the two ends of the integration of production and education are two institutions with completely different nature and operation methods to better implement school -enterprise cooperation, either to change the school -running system and mechanism of vocational schools, or to fully integrate vocational schools into the market.

He also reminded that in solving the problem of "employment shortage", the expectations of vocational education should not be too high. "Vocational education plays more professional or connected. The source of employment is that there is normal needs, such as industrial development.It is normal and prosperous. "

Text | "China Report" reporter Chen Ke

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