Sun Kuroko: What are they?Why happen?

The sun sunspots are the windows we entered the complex inner in the sun.

[Sun sunspot is a colder area on the surface of the sun, which may cause explosive disturbances, such as the sun's spots and the corona. (Picture source: NASA/SDO)]

Sun sunspot is a strong magnetic field area with dark surface and planetary size. They can cause explosive disturbances, such as the sun's spots and the coronation substance (CME).

The area expressed by Kuroko of the sun looks darker because they are cooler than the surrounding environment. According to data from the National Meteorological Administration (NWS), the central dark district has a film of about 6,300 (3500 degrees Celsius), while the surrounding light balls are about 10,000 bria (5500 degrees Celsius).

As the surface of the sun can be seen, the frequency and intensity of the sun sunspots indicate the level of solar activity during the 11 -year sun drive of the solar field. Sun sunspots are the windows that we know the internal complex magnetic in the sun. For hundreds of years, they have always attracted the sun observer.

How is the sun sunspot formed?

According to the European Sun Telescope, when the magnetic field gathers from the deep inside of the sun, the sun sunspots will form. They are composed of darkest areas (called this shadow) and surrounding areas (called semi -shadow).

[Sun Kuroko consists of a darkest area (called this shadow) and the surrounding area (called half shadow) (picture source: NSO/AURA/NSF.INFOGRAPHIC by space.com)]]]]]]]]]]]]

Although scientists do not fully understand how the sun sunspots are formed, researchers generally accept a theory proposed by American astronomer Horacebabcock in 1961: Essence

Imagine the magnetic field of the sun as a circle of rubber bands, one end connected to the North Pole, and the other end in Antarctica. According to the Royal Museums Greenwich, because the sun rotates at different speeds, the rotation speed of the equator is faster than the pole, so the "differential rotation" is generated.

With the rotation of the sun, these magnetic rings "rubber bands" are tighter and complicated. In the end, the magnetic field "suddenly" rises and breaks the surface. This disturbance in the solar magnetic field forms pores. These pores can grow and combine together to form a larger pores or primitive spots, and finally the sun sunspots are formed. A group of sun sunspots are called activity areas.

According to NWS, the magnetic field in the active sun Kuroko area may be about 2500 times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field. Relatively speaking, the strong magnetic field suppress the inflow of new gas from the heat inside the sun, resulting in the cold and darker of the sun sunspots than the surrounding environment. According to the university atmosphere (UCAR), if you can cut a standard sun sunspot from the sun and place it in the night sky, it will be as bright as full moon.

How big is the sun sunspots?

According to the data of "COOL COSMOS", the average size of the sun sunspots is roughly the same as that of the earth, but their diameter can range from hundreds of miles to tens of thousands of miles.

Sun sunspots and sun cycle

The sun sunspots formed within a few days to several weeks, and may eventually disappear after a few months of stay.

According to the data of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa) Space Forecasting Center, in the 11 -year Sun activity cycle (sometimes called the Sun Kurosaki cycle), the total number of sunspots in the sun is different. The maximum value of the activity, the minimum value of the solar activity appears.

The position of the sun sunspots will change during the entire solar activity cycle. In the largest period of solar activity, many sunspots appeared in the middle latitude region (about 30 degrees north latitude, 30 degrees south latitude). Then the sun sunspots gradually moved to the equator, and there was almost no sun sunspot in the small period of the sun. Even sometimes, in the small period of the sun, no sun sunspots can be seen.

[Graphic: In the maximum period of solar activity, a large number of sun sunspots can be seen in the middle latitude, and at the minimum period of the solar activity, the equator can see very few sunspots (sometimes zero). .

Although the 11 -year sun activity cycle is quite consistent, between 1645 and 1715, there are very few sun sunspots observed. According to "Physical World" from 1672 to 1699, there are less than 50 sun sunspots recorded. In contrast, in a small period of "normal" sun activity, more than 12 to 100 sun sunspots are usually usually.

According to the Times, British astronomer Edward Walter Maunder and his wife Annie found the lack of solar activity in 1890 in 1890. This period of severe weakening was called "Monde "Extremely small".

Today's Sun Kuroko

The sun is experiencing the 25th solar activity cycle. During this cycle, the solar activity is rising, resulting in a large number of sunspots in the sun. To understand the appearance of the sun in the sun today, please see the observation page of the Sun and the Daylight Observatory (Soho).

Who found the sun sunspot?

There are some controversy about the sun sunspots. According to Chandra X-Ray Center, the earliest solar activity records came from Chinese astronomers around 800 BC. Chandra X-Ray Center said that Chinese and Korean astronomers often observe sun sunspots. However, there are no early examples of such observations. The earliest solar activity map appeared in 1128 many years later, in "Woolst Chronicle John". Woolst wrote: "In the third year of the Roman Emperor Lothar, the 28th year of British King Henry ... On Saturday, December 8th, two black balls appeared from morning to night. The sun. ".

Just five days after Woolst described a huge sun sunspot group, South Korean astronomers reported that they observed a red steam "flying in the sky, covered with sky" (Aurora Borealis: Lithuanian, that is, the Northern Lights that are often referred to)

In 1610, British astronomer Thomasharriot, with the help of a telescope, used the data of the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA), described his solar observation results in detail. His paintings are the earliest known sun sunspots image records.

A year later, David and Johannes Fabricius (father and son) independently discovered the sun sunspots. A few months later, Johannesfabricius published an article entitled "Kuroko observed in the sun and its obvious rotation with the sun", becoming the first content related to publish Kuroko in the West People.

According to the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA), there are two other independent sun sunspots discovered in 1611. Galileo Galilei and Jesus Christoph Scheiner competed for honor because of the discovery of the sun sunspots. The quarrel astronomers did not know that they had been observed and recorded hundreds of years ago, so the grievances between them were futile.

[Picture shows Galileo Galilei]

Observe the sun Kuroko

[Use the correct equipment and goggles to observe the sun sunspots. If there is no special protection, don't look at the sun. (Image source: Allexandar Via Getty Images)]

Without special protection, do not use the binocular telescope, telescope or the naked eye to look directly at the sun. Astronomical photographers and astronomers use special filters to observe the sun safely. This is how we observe the security guide for the sun.

The sun sunspots have been observed for hundreds of years, but for scientists who want to know more about the sun cycle and evaluate the spatial weather risk such as the sun and the daily corona, the sunspots are still the focus of their attention.

Without the work of Japanese astronomer Hisako Koyama, our current solar activity image will not be so clear. From 1947 to 1996, Koyama used a 20 -centimeter (8 -inch) refraction telescope to draw a sketch of sunspots on the roof of the Tokyo National Natural Science Museum. According to a report on her work published in the magazine of "Space Weather", more than 40 years, Koyama has conducted more than 10,000 sun sunspots observation. These observations have promoted solar science and strengthened our space weather Understanding.

Today, scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NoAA) Space Weather Forecast Center analyzes the Sun Kuroko area every day to understand its threat. They monitors and record changes in the size, quantity and location of the sun to evaluate the possibility of sunlight and CME in the event area.

The Royal Observatory in Belgium -the Sun Kuroko Index and the Sun Observation World Data Center also tracked the sun sunspots for a long time and recorded the height of the sun cycle.

Scientists classify the sunspots in the sun to evaluate which sunspots are more likely to cause the sun or CME. To do this, researchers at the Wilson Observatory of California proposed a group of sunshine clusters based on Space Weather Live.

Every day, the sun sunspots are counted and accepted magnetic classification and sunspots classification. Space Weather Live said that another classification system is based on the Zürich/Mcintosh System, which aims to classify the sunspots to inform the scientist's complexity and size of the sunspots.

Other resources

If you are interested in your observation of the sun, you can see how to make your own pinhole viewer so that you can observe the sun freely.Learn more information about the rotation of the sun and the sun through the National School Observatory.Read more about the history of the Sun Kuroko and the controversy around his "discovery" to learn about the Galileo project of the University of Rice. Space Weather Live said.By: Forty-Seven

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