Which animals can resist the impact of climate change?

Global climate change is becoming one of the main driving forces that promote the diversity of species today. In order to adapt to climate change, many species have changed the original biochemical and distribution. , Leading to local extinction or even extinction.

All beings under climate change

Climate change will directly affect the form of species. With the warming of the climate, some species of individuals become smaller and smaller, because small individuals have large opposite body surface area (Bergman's law believes that constant temperature animals increase with the body shape, and the surface area of ​​the relative body surface, that is, the size of the body surface and animal volume The ratio of ratio becomes smaller, which leads to a smaller body surface divergent ratio), which has better heat dissipation and more adaptable to the status quo of climate warming. In the Abbarachia Mountains, six types of forest land have been reduced by an average of 8%in the past 50 years. Similarly, the length of the three types of migrants from the northeast of the United States shortened an average of 4%. With the warming of the climate, the beaks of the descendants of the red -bellied red abdomen that migrate long distances become smaller, which will reduce the survival rate of young birds. Climate change not only affects animals, but also the same: in South Australia, car mulberry leaf widths with no mulberry plants have decreased compared to 127 years ago.

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Generally speaking, rising temperatures can be expected to become smaller. However, evidence from cold and high altitude habitats show that climate warming has led to the improvement of primary productivity and the extension of the growth of growth, which will affect some animals to become larger, especially mammals, such as marten and yellow be marmot. Climate change also has other impacts on morphology, such as changes in the color of butterflies, dragonflies and birds, and the skull shape of alpine chipmilets has changed significantly.

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Climate change will affect the habitat conditions of species, and its distribution will be transferred with the change of the best habitat conditions. In land and aquatic ecosystems, species spread by 19.7 kilometers every 10 years or high sea, of which marine species have the largest movement distance, expanded 72 kilometers every 10 years, and land species expand 6 kilometers every 10 years. The distribution of marine biological groups is faster than land biology. This is because the connectivity of the marine environment is higher than the connectivity of the land environment. Over the past 80 years, corals around Japan have moved at a rate of 14 kilometers per year. On the waters near the southern coast of Australia, the tide -band -banded vertebrate species moved to the poles at an average of 29 kilometers per 10 years.

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This process also brings a series of problems. As a by -product that responded to the species that responded to climate change, the tackling tacitness between the original "old friends" was broken. The existing interaction between species is being destroyed, and the new interaction is appearing.

With the warming of the global climate, the population of red fox began to spread to the Arctic region, and near the Arctic Circle became a new suitable habitat. However, the appropriate habitat of the North Fox and the local residents, the local residents, overlapped, which changed the relationship between the original species. Compared with the Arctic Fox, the red fox has a stronger adaptability, "the matter is competing for heaven, the survival of the fittest", so it slowly squeezed the ecological position of the Arctic Fox to form a situation of anti -customer -oriented.

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In the Nevada Mountains in California, scientists have found that in the past 100 years, in the lowest and highest level of altitude, the level of bird community is high. In Greece, researchers found the phenomenon of waiting between butterflies and their host plants. Before the insect larva is ready to enter the stagnation stage, the host plant has died, and the larvae lost the fate of death. Similarly, the analysis of the predators-prey data in the past 27 years, and the main prey of Gray Forest and its main prey-Kuroda rats have changed, so they are intertwined, which has led to the success rate of owls. reduce.

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Ban Ji, who lives in Europe, also faces the troubles brought by climate change. Climate change has caused early spring in Europe, and early spring brings climate change in the entire region. Ban Ji is a migrant bird. Its migration time is determined by the climate of the wintering area, and it is not advanced because of the early spring of Europe. This causes an embarrassing situation. In previous years, after the arrival of Banji, the breeding period overlapped with the rapid breeding period of caterpillar population, which could provide sufficient food resources for future generations. However, in the early spring of Europe, caterpillars broke out in advance. When the Ban Ji Ji entered the breeding period, the feast of caterpillars had passed. It can be said that it is an alternative "I have never been born, I am old". As a result, the Ban Ji Xun group was hit by time and space dislocation.

The above -mentioned evidence shows that the three biological fields (land, freshwater, and ocean) are affected by climate change, and their influence is from genes crossing the biological level community. In the 94 ecological process of the world, 82%are affected by climate change, which is still when the temperature is only 1 ° C. As the world's roof, the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau carries twice the rate of global changes, and in recent years, it has also appeared in the situation of "high altitudes". The change of grasslands will inevitably bring a severe test to the survival of the hoof.

How can humans be alone under climate change?

So, what impact can these changes have on human beings?

Climate change leads to changes in species, waiting, and distribution range, which will affect changes in the ecosystem through inter -species relationships, and these changes will eventually affect human health and life. The impact of climate change on marine fish indirectly affects human life, because they currently provide about 17%of protein worldwide for humans. Climate warming has caused the melting of the Arctic Ice and Snow, and the increase in plankton, which further leads to the increase in the amount of biological amount of the Atlantic cod and yellow cod, and the changes in Antarctica are not obvious. In Switzerland, those areas carrying a global climate change by 2 times, due to the increase in the temperature of high mountain streams, the capture of catfish in the past 20 years has been reduced by half.

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By impact on plant genetics and physiology, climate change is also affecting human agricultural systems. The changes in the warming of warm winter are affecting the production of crops and fruits. Over the past few decades, the output of rice, corn and coffee beans has decreased due to comprehensive factors of rising temperature and increasing increase in precipitation. Since the early 1980s, wheat global output has decreased by 6%.

Climate warming reduces the winter cold incident in the agricultural area in the temperate region, and it will also lead to the incompleteness of male and female flowers, causing delayed pollination, fruit yield and reduced quality. In some countries such as Japan, the harvest period is advanced due to the early sprouts, flowering and results of plants. Following is a key process that affects a large number of crop yields. Many insects with short life span and strong liquidity complete the pollination service of crops. However, in the past 120 years, the decline in pollination of insect populations has disappeared, and many plants have disappeared. This is a comprehensive impact of habitat loss, pollution and climate warming.

(Image source: Veer Gallery)

The changes in the ecosystems caused by climate change, such as the death of forests, also have a significant impact on humans. Due to the changes in population dynamics from the dynamic population in North America, although there were no records of severe invasion, it has recently become a serious pathogen of forest resources. Among the known pests, such as the southern Matsushi and the Sakura Susongsong, the distribution range and infringement intensity have been expanded on pine trees and spruce trees recently. Since the 1960s, hundreds of plant pests and pathogens are distributed by 2 to 3.5 kilometers each year, and this kind of insect pests may increase in the future.

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Climate change has increased the disease spread, which has caused new threats to human health. In the ocean, freshwater, and land systems, the diseased media that change the distribution range can be found. For example, in the marine system, there is an unprecedented warming phenomenon in the Baltic Sea, which leads to a case of pylori infection in Northern Europe. The number of mosquito population is increasing, and they are now distributed in areas that are warmer than the original habitat. Mosquito has become a medium that spreads more powerful diseases such as dengue fever, and perhaps in the future, it will also become a powerful medium to spread the new Zika virus.

(Image source: Veer Gallery)

At this point of view, climate change will have such a great impact on our lives!

Judging from the scale of the earth, climate change is too flat. The high temperature and cold extreme situations in geological history abound, and species can gradually adapt. If humans are not considered, we don't need to worry about it from the perspective of the species on the earth and the earth. Needless to say, the temperature rises twice. Even if it is raised ten degrees, the earth still exists, and the species on the earth will not be completely extinct. Therefore, all human beings do in response to climate change are actually to save human beings.

Produced: Popular Science China

Author: Zhao Xumao (youth researcher of Lanzhou University), Zhang Xiaoqing

Producer: China Science Popularization Expo

references:

Scheffers, B.R., De Meester, L., Bridge, T.C., Hoffmann, A.A., Pandolfi, J.M., Corlett, R.T., et al., 2016. The Broad FOOTPRINT of Clim Gones To Biomes to PEOME. , aaF7671. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7671

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